ons as a noun, i.e. it is used with the indefinite article, has the syntactical function of a predicative.and substantivation are alike - they are types of word-building in which a new word is built in a different part of speech without changing the basic form of the original word . Therefore some linguists, e.g. I.V. Arnold, claim that substantivation is a kind of conversion.there is some difference between conversion and substantivation. In conversion the word acquires a new paradigm, a new syntactical function and environment at once, while in substantivation they are acquired gradually, through a very long use for centuries.the way from an adjective or participle to a substantivised noun is very long and some adjectives and participles are at present only on halfway to noun, ie they have acquired not all, but only some features of a noun. This phenomenon is termed partial substantivation. For example the young, the rich, the poor can be used to describe many people, but if we want to speak about one person we must add the word man: a rich man, a poor man, a young man. So the adjectives young, rich, poor are partially substantivised as they have acquired only a few features of a noun: they can be used with the definite article and have syntactical functions of a noun. But they cannot be used with the definite article and have neither plural nor possessive forms. The substantivised participle the coloured has acquired, apart from syntactical features of a noun, two morphological features of a noun: it is used with the indefinite article and has the plural form: the coloureds. But this substantivised participle cannot be used with the indefinite article to describe one person. To express this idea we should add the word man: a coloured man.
9. Word-composition
characteristics of word-composition.
Word-composition is the formation of words by joining together two or more stems
Word-composition is a productive type of word-building. Compared with other languages ​​English word-composition has some specific features:
) stems of English compounds are mainly free morphemes (eg headmaster, schoolmaster, etc.), while in Russian compounds stems are mainly bound morphemes (cf. railway - залізничний);
) the majority of English compounds have two stems, while German compounds can consist of many more stems.
The problem of distinction between a compound word and a word-group.
The problem arises as compound words and word-groups display similarity: structural, phonetical and graphical similarity.
. Structural similarity is displayed in the following. 1) Both compound words and word-groups consist of free elements (free morphemes): in compound words they are stems, in word-groups they are words. 2) Many compound words and word-groups are built after the same patterns: Adj. + N (cf. blackbird - black bird); N + N (cf. ice-cream - cream cake); V + N (cf. pickpocket - pick flowers), etc.begin with we shall compare two units: the free word -group dirty board В«брудна дошкаВ» and the compound word blackboard В«класна дошкаВ». The free word-group admits of some changes which show that components of a free word-group are structurally independent and separable: 1) components of the free word-group dirty board can be separated, we can say a dirty black board; 2) each word can be replaced by some other word, eg long board, dirty table, 3) an intensifier can be added to the first word, eg very dirty board. All this shows that components of a free word-group are independent, ie they possess structural separability.the other hand components of the compound word blackboard cannot be separated. We cannot describe the classroom object called blackboard as В« black and large board В», В» very blackboard В», orВ« greyboard В». Consequently we can conclude that compound words are characterised by structural inseparability, while free word-groups are characterised by structural separability. So the criterion of structural inseparability helps distinguish between a compound word and a word-group.there are three types of compound words.
) Compound words of the first type (В«classical compoundsВ») possess the unity stress. They are easily distinguished from word-groups which are as a rule characterised by the level stress; cf. 'Blackbird В«дріздВ» -' black 'bird В«чорний птахВ»;' blackberry В«чорна смородина, ожинаВ» - 'black' berry В«чорна ягодаВ». p align="justify">) Compound words of the second type possess the double stress: ...
