istance to antimicrobial agents// Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 1997. V. 54. № 12. P. 1420-1433. p> 14. Skurray R.A., Firth N. Molecular evolution of multiply-antibiotic-resistant staphylococci// Ciba Found. Symp. 1997. V. 207. P. 67-83. p> 15. Ramaswamy S., Musser J.M. Molecular genetic basis of antimicrobial agent resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: 1998 update// Tuber Lung Dis. 1998. V. 79. № 1. P. 3-29. p> 16. Maiden M.C. Horizontal genetic exchange, evolution, and spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria// Clin. Infect. Dis. 1998. V. 27. Suppl. 1. P. S12-S20. p> 17. Hakenbeck R., Grebe T., Zahner D., Stock J.B. Beta-lactam resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: penicillin-binding proteins and non-penicillin-binding proteins// Mol. Microbiol. 1999. V. 33. № 4. P. 673-678. p> 18. Foster P.L. Adaptive mutation: implications for evolution// Bioessays. 2000. V. 22. № 12. P. 1067-1074. p> 19. Hashimoto H. Molecular biology of the mechanism of acquisition of antimicrobial-resistance// Nippon Rinsho. 2001. V. 59. № 4. P. 660-665. p> 20. Davis D.R., McAlpine J.B., Pazoles C.J. et al. Enterococcus faecalis multi-drug resistance transporters: application for antibiotic discovery// J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2001. V. 3. № 2. P. 179-184. p> 21. Normark B.H., Normark S. Evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance// J. Intern. Med. 2002. V. 252. № 2. P. 91-106. p> 22. Blazquez J., Oliver A., Gomez-Gomez J.M. Mutation and evolution of antibiotic resistance: antibiotics as promoters of antibiotic resistance? // Curr. Drug Targets. 2002. V. 3. № 4. P. 345-349. p> 23. Johnston N.J., Mukhtar T.A., Wright G.D. Streptogramin antibiotics: mode of action and resistance// Curr. Drug Targets. 2002. V. 3. № 4. P. 335-344. p> 24. Poole K. Mechanisms of bacterial biocide and antibiotic resistance// Symp. Ser. Soc. Appl. Microbiol. 2002. V. 31. P. 55S-64S. p> 25. Levy S.B. Active efflux, a common mechanism for biocide and antibiotic resistance// Symp. Ser. Soc. Appl. Microbiol. 2002. V. 31. P. 65S-71S. p> 26. Russell A.D. Introduction of biocides into clinical practice and the impact on antibiotic-resistant bacteria// Symp. Ser. Soc. Appl. Microbiol. 2002. V. 31. P. 121S-135S. p> 27. Hogan D, Kolter R. Why are bacteria refractory to antimicrobials? // Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2002. V. 5. № 5. P. 472-427. p> 28. de Souza C.P. Pathogenicity mechanisms of prokaryotic cells: an evolutionary view// Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 2003. V. 7. № 1. P. 23-31. p> 29. Roberts M.C. Tetracycline therapy: update// Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003. V. 36. № 4. P. 462-467. p> 30. Megraud F. Antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori infection// Br. Med. Bull. 1998. V. 54. № 1. P. 207-216
31. Hashimoto H. Acquisition of antibiotic-resistance in bacteria by alteration of molecular target, or by the decreased permeability// N...