s a meaningful segmental component of the word; the morpheme is formed by phonemes; as a meaningful component of the word it is elementary (ie indivisible into smaller segments as regards its significative function).
The word is a nominative unit of language; it is formed by morphemes; it enters the lexicon of language as its elementary component (ie a component indivisible into smaller segments as regards its nominative function); together with other nominative units the word is used for the formation of the sentence - a unit of information in the communication process.
In traditional grammar the study of the morphemic structure of the word was conducted in the light of the two basic criteria: positional (the location of the marginal morphemes in relation to the central ones) and semantic or functional (the correlative contribution of the morphemes to the general meaning of the word). The combination of these two criteria in an integral description has led to the rational classification of morphemes that is widely used both in research linguistic work and in practical lingual tuition. p align="justify"> In accord with the traditional classification, morphemes on the upper level are divided into root-morphemes (roots) and affixal morphemes (affixes). The roots express the concrete, "material" part of the meaning of the word, while the affixes express the specificational part of the meaning of the word, the specifications being of lexico-semantic and grammatico-semantic character. p align="justify"> The roots of notional words are classical lexical morphemes.
The affixal morphemes include prefixes, suffixes, and inflexions (in the tradition of the English school grammatical inflexions are commonly referred to as "suffixes"). Of these, prefixes and lexical suffixes have word-building functions, together with the root they form the stem of the word; inflexions (grammatical suffixes) express different morphological categories. p align="justify"> The root, according to the positional content of the term (ie the border-area between prefixes and suffixes), is obligatory for any word, while affixes are not obligatory. Therefore one and the same morphemic segment of functional (ie non-notional) status, depending on various morphemic environments, can in principle be used now as an affix (mostly, a prefix), now as a root. Cf.: p align="justify"> out - a root-word (preposition, adverb, verbal postposition, adjective, noun, verb);
throughout - a composite word, in which-out serves as one of the roots (the categorial status of the meaning of both morphemes is the same);
outing - a two-morpheme word, in which out is a root, and-ing is a suffix;
outlook, outline, outrage, out-talk, etc. - Words, in which out-serves as a prefix;
look-out, knock-out, shut-out, time-out, etc. - Words (nouns), in which-out serves as a suffix. p align="justify"> The morphemic composition of modern English words has a wide range of varieties; in the lexicon of everyday speech the preferable morphemic types of stems are root-stems (one-root stems or two-root stems) and one-affix stems. With grammatically changeable words, these stems take one grammatical suffix {two "open" grammatical suffixes are used only with some plural nouns in the possessive case, cf.: The children's toys, the oxen's yokes). p align="justify"> Thus, the abstract complete morphemic model of the common English word is the following: prefix + root + lexical suffix + grammatical suffix.
The syntagmatic connections of the morphemes within the model form two types of hierarchical structure. The first is characterised by the original prefixal stem (eg prefabricated), the second is characterised by the original suffixal stem (eg inheritors). If we use the symbols St for stem, R for root, Pr for prefix, L for lexical suffix, Gr for grammatical suffix, and, besides, employ three graphical symbols of hierarchical grouping - braces, brackets, and parentheses, then the two morphemic word-structures can be presented as follows:
= {[Pr + (R + L)] + Gr}; W2 = {[(Pr + R) + L] + Gr}
In the morphemic composition of more complicated words these model-types form different combinations.
Further insights into the correlation between the formal and functional aspects of morphemes within the composition of the word may be gained in the light of the so-called "allo-emic" theory put forward by Descriptive Linguistics and broadly used in the current linguistic research.
In accord with this theory, lingual units are described by means of two types of terms: allo-terms and eme-terms. Eme-terms denote the generalised invariant units of language characterised by a certain function...
