.) Have a less official colouring than their long prototypes, cf. prime minister - PM; physical education - PE; ear, nose, throat practitioner - ENT-practitioner.abbreviations UNO, NATO, AIDS, etc. are read as words.abbreviations make a good basis for further word-formation, eg MC (master of ceremonies)> to emcee, OK> to okay. p align="justify">. Graphical abbreviations are used only in writing: M. for Moscow; L. for London; etc. for and so on (
Sound interchange is building a new word through a change in the phonetic structure of the stem.
Sound interchange builds verbs from nouns: food> to feed; nouns from verbs: to speak> speech, to sing> a song.are two kinds of sound interchange: vowel interchange (to tell - a tale) and consonant interchange (breath> to breathe [T - D]). interchange can be combined with affixation, eg strong - strength, deep - depth.interchange is often represented by the interchange of voiced and voiceless consonants, eg [Z - s]: to advise - advice, to excuse - excuse, to use - use.and vowel interchange can be combined: live - life, bathe - bath. p align="justify"> 2. Stress interchange.
Stress interchange often derives verbs from nouns, eg 'Import - to im'port. Stress interchange often combines with sound interchange, eg pro'nounce - pronunci'ation.
3. Sound imitation.
Sound imitation builds new words which denote the sounds produced by people (chatter, giggle), animals (mew, howl, cuckoo), water (bubble, splash), objects (eg metal objects - clink В« дзвін монет В»), etc.
Backformation.
Backformation (backderivation) is building new words by cutting off the supposed affix from the supposed stem due to the wrong derivational analysis of the original word in analogy with English derivatives . are two kinds of backformation. 1) A borrowed word was misinterpreted. For example the word beggar borrowed from old French was analysed in analogy with English derivatives (work-er, teach-er, etc.). Due to this the final part of the French word was supposed to be a suffix and it was cut off. This is how the verb to beg appeared in the English language.
) A compound word built by juxtaposition of two stems (a root stem and a derived stem) was wrongly interpreted in analogy with derivational compounds. For example the word typewriter В«друкарська машинкаВ» was wrongly interpreted as a derivational compound built by adding the suffix - er to the supposed compound stem typewrite. The suffix was cut off from the supposed stem. As a result the compound verb to typewrite was built.meaning is studied by semasiology. The term В«semasiologyВ» consists of two parts borrowed from Greek: В«semaВ» (sign) and В«logosВ» (learning). Semasiology studies the meaning of words, morphemes.meaning of words, affixes presents a semantic structure. Word meaning includes: 1) lexical meaning which indicates the concept and the referent, 2) grammatical meaning which expresses the relationships between words in speech. The lexical and the grammatical meanings of a word are very closely connected. In some words the change of the grammatical meaning leads to the change of their lexical meaning, cf. picture - pictures В«кіноВ», colour - colours В«прапорВ», look - looks В«зовнішністьВ», arm - arms В«зброяВ», work - works В«завод, механізмВ», drop - drops В«лікиВ», cheer - Cheers! В«Будьмо здорові!В», Etc.analyse the lexical meaning of a word we must study the semantic structure of this word and the semes that make its meaning. The study of the semes is componential analysis (See: Гольдберг В.Б. контрастивної аналіз ...: 12-13). Semes can be obligatory, optional, individually and nationally determined, etc.structure is nationally determined. Componential analysis displays difference in the semantic structure of the correlating English and Russian words, cf. girl - В«дівчинкаВ», В«дівчинаВ»; student - В«ученьВ», В«студентВ», В«аспірантВ»; finger, thumb, toe - В«палецьВ»; peel, scrape, shell, scale - В«очищатиВ»; strawberries - В«суниця В»,В« полуниця В»; town, city -В« місто В», etc.of word lexical meaning. The principal macrocomponents of the lexical meaning are denotational meaning and connotational meaning. Denotational meaning is the element of the word meaning that denotes an object or phenomenon. Many words not only denote an object but in addition indicate the speaker s ...
