s of the degrees of comparison (for qualitative adjectives), the specific suffixal forms of derivation, 3 ) adjectival functions in the sentence (attribute to a noun, adjectival predicative).
The features of the numeral: 1) the categorial meaning of number (cardinal and ordinal), 2) the narrow set of simple numerals; the specific forms of composition for compound numerals; the specific suffixal forms of derivation for ordinal numerals; 3) the functions of numerical attribute and numerical substantive.
The features of the pronoun: 1) the categorial meaning of indication (deixis), 2) the narrow sets of various status with the corresponding formal properties of categorial changeability and word-building, 3) the substantival and adjectival functions for different sets.
The features of the verb: 1) the categorial meaning of process (presented in the two upper series of forms, respectively, as finite process and non-finite process), 2) the forms of the verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood; the opposition of the finite and non-finite forms, 3) the function of the finite predicate for the finite verb; the mixed verbal - other than verbal functions for the non- finite verb.
The features of the adverb: 1) the categorial meaning of the secondary property, ie the property of process or another property, 2) the forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adverbs; the specific suffixal forms of derivation; 3) the functions of various adverbial modifiers.
We have surveyed the identifying properties of the notional parts of speech that unite the words of complete nominative meaning characterised by self-dependent functions in the sentence.
Contrasted against the notional parts of speech are words of incomplete nominative meaning and non-self-dependent, mediatory functions in the sentence. These are functional parts of speech. p align="justify"> On the principle of "generalised form" only unchangeable words are traditionally treated under the heading of functional parts of speech. As for their individual forms as such, they are simply presented by the list, since the number of these words is limited, so that they needn't be identified on any general, operational scheme. p align="justify"> To the basic functional series of words in English belong the article, the preposition, the conjunction, the particle, the modal word, the interjection.
The article expresses the specific limitation of the substantive functions.
The preposition expresses the dependencies and interdependences of substantive referents.
The conjunction expresses connections of phenomena.
The particle unites the functional words of specifying and limiting meaning. To this series, alongside of other specifying words, should be referred verbal postpositions as functional modifiers of verbs, etc. p align="justify"> The modal word, occupying in the sentence a more pronounced or less pronounced detached position, expresses the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation and its parts. Here belong the functional words of probability (probably, perhaps, etc.), Of qualitative evaluation (fortunately, unfortunately, luckily, etc.), And also of affirmation and negation. p align="justify"> The interjection, occupying a detached position in the sentence, is a signal of emotions.
Each part of speech after its identification is further subdivided into subseries in accord with various particular semantico-functional and formal features of the constituent words. This subdivision is sometimes called "subcategorisation" of parts of speech. p align="justify"> Thus, nouns are subcategorised into proper and common, animate and inanimate, countable and uncountable, concrete and abstract, etc. Cf.: p align="justify"> Mary, Robinson, London, the Mississippi, Lake Erie - girl, person, city, river, lake;
man, scholar, leopard, butterfly - earth, field, rose, machine;
coin/coins, floor/floors, kind/kinds - news, growth, water, furniture;
stone, grain, mist, leaf - honesty, love, slavery, darkness.
Verbs are subcategorised into fully predicative and partially predicative, transitive and intransitive, actional and statal, factive and evaluative, etc. Cf.: p align="justify"> walk, sail, prepare, shine, blow - can, may, shall, be, become;
take, put, speak, listen, see, give - live, float, stay, ache, ripen, rain;
write, play, strike, boil, receive, ride - exist, sleep, rest, thrive, revel, suffer;
roll, tire, begin, ensnare, build, tremble - consider, approve, mind, desire, hate, incline.
