ning. Strictly speaking, in cognitive semantics language is applied as the lens through which these cognitive phenomena can be investigated (Evans 2009, p. 49). The key points of scholars research working in cognitive semantics are based on conceptual structure and meaning construction. Therefore, investigation in cognitive semantics inclines towards modeling the human mind as much as it is related to analyzing linguistic semantics, that is to say semantic structure (ibid)., The scholars of cognitive semantics emphasize the fact that there is no access to a reality independent of human categorization and that therefore the structure of reality as reflected in language is a product of the human mind (Saeed 2009). Colour terms are one of the fields of the study of semantics that still is ambiguous and has variuos views on colour categorization. The investigation on this matter is presented in the following section.
1.2 The Semantics of Colour Terms
mental process of classification is commonly called categorization. The results of categorization are cognitive categories. For example, the colour categories are red, yellow, green, blue, and etc. (Schmid, Ungerer 1 996, p. 2). This process can not operate without conceptualization that forms minimal units of experience (Lakoff, Johnson, 1999, pp. 122-124). Hereby, colour categorization is a product of the interaction between the intrinsic structure of the colour space - including physiologically determined salient values ??- and the number and position of colour values ??for which the language has words (Berlin, Kay cited in Jackendoff 1992 року, p. 45). However, the difficulty of categorization lied in the fact that the principles of mental process of it and particularly of colours categorization were not known or properly investigated. The problem was solved in +1969, when two anthropologists Brent Berlin and Paul Kay presented their survey on focal colours or the publication Basic Colour Terms (hereinafter BCTs). B. Berlin and P. Kay s findings showed that in categorizing colours people rely on certain points in the colour space for orientation (Schmid, Ungerer 1996, p. 5). Their experiment indicated the following 11 colours that are considered to be BCTs: black, white, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, pink, violet, brown and grey.though the position of the B. Berlin and P. Kay s paradigm seems to be indisputable, there are scholars who reject the theory of BCTs (Steinvall 2002, p. 35). For example, A. Wierzbicka argues that colour is not a universal term. The linguist agrees with Berlin and Kay s outcomes but refuses to see neurophysiology as the source of the universality referring to people s shared experience (ibid, p. 27) .B. Berlin and P. Kay s survey, new aspects on colour categorization were proposed in early 1970s from the psychological point of view. Eleanor Rosch introduced the term prototype and prototype theory. In linguistics, prototype theory shows the way word meanings are organized in the mind. According to E. Rosch, prototypes appear to be just those members of a category that most reflect the redundancy structure of the category as a whole (Rosch 1978, p. 12). Moreover, a basic or prototypical colour term in its denotative use carries the same function as non-basic colour terms such as rosy or indigo; as part of a physical, objective description. The prototypicality of colours can be illustrated by corpus examples involving comparison of a colour to an object or entity (Philip 2003, p. 43)., All the words can be classified into semantic fields according to their meaning. A semantic field is a set of words with a recognizable semantic affinity. Cf. the following sets, which form the semantic field of colour terms (Finegan +2001, p. 196) :) basic colour terms: blue, red, yellow, black, white, etc;) non-basic colour terms: indigo, saffron, royal blue, aquamarine., colours are able to form semantic fields within colour terms, eg semantic fields of light and darkness. Obviously, white would refer to light, whilst black to darkness. However, in the literary context, any other colour could refer to one of these fields, even if its denotative meaning does not refer to.accordance with Marion Matschi, apart from the eleven BCTs, which seem to be more stable, countless non-basic terms are used either for poetic reasons or to draw a distinction between shades of a particular colour. The majority of colour terms borrowed into English were taken over from French and Latin, languages ??with a rich colour terminology. Therefore, all types of images and concepts (eg plants, animals, food, etc.) can be applied to indicate colour (Matschi +2004, p. 132) .the book The Semantics of Colour. A New Paradigm, A. Wierzbicka considers a new approach to the study so called from colour semantics to visual semantics. In the first part of the book the scholar state...
