s had increased the legal regulation of the clergy, and there was a process of subordination to the State. The Law Code of 1649 restricted the right to purchase the estates, to have a white suburb and commercial establishments in the posads. From XVII in wartime, one in five of the peasants from spiritual estates called up for service in the foot.1722 were established strict rules of entry into the spiritual class from the nobility (only the youngest son of a nobleman on reaching 40 years). to the Decree of 1764 (February 26) was carried out the secularization of church and monastic lands, and the diocesan bishops and monasteries were transferred to regular salaries. As a result, more than 800 thousand peasant moved into the category of state.
Townsmen (urban inhabitants)-were the majority of the urban population and in accordance with the Deed to the rights and benefits of the cities of Russia from 1785 were divided into 6 categories (parts).
. These real people (have land and buildings in the city, bankers, etc.); 2. Merchants in their turn were divided into three guilds (the first - with capital from 10 to 50 thousand rubles. The second - from 5 to 10 thousand rubles; the third - from 1 to 5 thousand rubles.) p align="justify">. Artisans which were entered in guilds;
. Foreign visitors and foreign persons registered in the burgers;
. Eminent citizens. p align="justify">. posadsky population, which were not included in the first 5 categories. The peasants formed the bulk of the dependent population and they were the primary productive force in society.peasants were divided into the following categories:
State farmers, whose numbers decreased significantly (especially under the Catherine II ruling), paid dues to the state and carried duties; - Serfs (privately owned) carried the obligations: the quit-rent (obrok) and corvee.
The monastery and church
Palace (the king's estates peasants);
Possessional (attributed to the factory);
Odnodvortsy (descendants of the servants, settled on the outskirts of the state). peasants paid a poll tax (introduced by Peter I in 1719), carried corvee and quit-rent, recruit, Postojna and mostovaya duties.called the impoverished peasants and townspeople. In the XVIII century, they represent an entire social group. p align="justify"> absolutism social reform state law
3. STATE APPARATUS
During the period of absolutism, a lot of attention was paid to strengthening the state apparatus. First, Peter I, Catherine II then, had carried a series of reforms, in the result of which was formed branched, highly centralized, bureaucratic state apparatus. p align="justify"> The Government Senate was created in 1711. Boyar Duma had ceased to exist. The Senate was the highest executive, administrative, judicial body, according toStatute of the Senate 1722. It was consisted from 9 people, which were appointed by Tsar. The Senate had had functions of the supreme state power in the case of absence of the monarch. The office of general prosecutor was established in the Senat as. He was an inspector the activities of the Senate, he could suspend the execution of the decisions of the Senate. The chief role of the Senate was to look over and guide the governments of eight provinces, which were divided for the efficiency of tax collection and levy of troops. However such relationship wasn't always smooth, so Peter wholly restructured the central government.I created colleges, government departments, to distribute the various tasks of the government. Each college was constituted of a board of men who checked on each other. With the establishment of colleges, the Senate assumed additional roles. It coordinated and checked the works of the colleges, acted as the supreme court, and drafted legislation. The office of Procurator of the Senate was also created to check the senators by presiding over their meetings and signing every decree.
During the reign of the Empress Catherine I, Senate lost power, and Supreme Privy Council, a body of six favorites led by Catherine, became influential. The Supreme Privy Council was at first retained for a while because it was part of the condition Empress Anna had to accept in order to have the throne. Though it seems like such council was a step toward a constitutional government, it actually was just a scheme to keep the influence of the council and the noble families dominating it. Most of the gentry wanted...
