til the end of the Tudor period Parliament was supposed to do three things: agree to the taxes needed; make the laws which the Crown suggested; and advise the Crown, but only when asked to do so. Parliament naturally began to think it had a right to discuss these questions. By the end of the 16 th century it was beginning to show new confidence, and in the 17 th century, when the gentry and merchant classes were far more aware of their own strength, it was obvious that Parliament would challenge the Crown.Stuart monarchs , from James I onwards, were less successful than the Tudors. They quarreled with Parliament and this resulted in civil war. In 1628 the Parliament opposition uniting the bourgeoisie and the gentry scored a victory: the king was made to sign a document limiting his power, the so-called Petition of Right. In June 1645 the Parliament army under the Cromwell s command defeated the Royalists at Naseby. After the execution of Charles I in February of 1649 the House of Lords was abolished and England was proclaimed a Republic ruled by Parliament. But Parliament was dissolved in 1653. England was to be ruled by a council of officers who established military dictatorship and Cromwell was solemnly declared its Protector. Actually it meant the abolition of the republic and the end of the bourgeois revolution in England. From 1653 Britain was governed by Oliver Cromwell alone.the death of Cromwell the monarchy was restored in England in 1660. The «Bill of Rights» of 1689 stated the main ideas of the constitutional monarchy with the legislative power in the Parliament »s hands, the king having no rights to refuse signing the bills proposed by it or decide on creating a standing army. The succession was no longer determined by hereditary right but by an Act of Parliament. England had become a «parliamentary monarchy» controlled by a constitution.
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