ons of the sentence). Cf.: p align="justify"> I felt annoyed at his failing to see my point at once. «? I felt annoyed at him failing to see my point at once. He was not, however, averse to Elaine Fortescue's entertaining the hypothesis. This use presents a case known in linguistics as "half-gerund". So, in terms of the general ing-form problem, we have to choose between the two possible interpretations of the half-gerund: either as an actually intermediary form with double features, whose linguistic semi-status is truly reflected in its conventional name, or as an element of a non-existent categorial specification, ie just another variant of the same indiscriminate V-ing. p align="justify"> In this connection, the reasoning of those who support the idea of ​​the integral V-ing form can roughly be presented thus: if the two uses of V-ing are functionally identical, and if the " half-gerund "V-ing occurs with approximately the same frequency as the" full-gerund "V-ing, both forms presenting an ordinary feature of an ordinary English text, then there is no point in discriminating the" participle "V -ing and the "gerund" V-ing.
In compliance with the general principle of approach to any set of elements forming a categorial or functional continuum, let us first consider the correlation between the polar elements of the continuum, ie the correlation between the pure present participle and the pure gerund, setting aside the half-gerund for a further discussion.
The comparative evaluations of the actually different uses of the ing-forms can't fail to show their distinct categorial differentiation: one range of uses is definitely noun-related, definitely of process-substance signification; the other range of uses is definitely adjective-adverb related, definitely of process-quality signification. This differentiation can easily be illustrated by specialised gerund-testing and participle-testing, as well as by careful textual observations of the forms. p align="justify"> The gerund-testing, partly employed while giving a general outline of the gerund, includes the noun-substitution procedure backed by the question-procedure. Cf.: p align="justify"> My chance of getting, or achieving, anything that I long for will always be gravely reduced by the interminable existence of that block. ? My chance of what? ? My chance of success. p align="justify"> He insisted on giving us some coconuts. ? What did he insist on? ? He insisted on our acceptance of the gift. p align="justify"> All his relatives somehow disapproved of his writing poetry. ? What did all his relatives disapprove of?? His relatives disapproved of his poetical work. p align="justify"> The other no less convincing evidence of the nounal featuring of the form in question is its natural occurrence in coordinative connections with the noun. Cf.: p align="justify"> I didn't stop to think of an answer; it came immediately off my tongue without any pause or planning. Your husband isn't ill, no. What he does need is relaxation and simply cheering a bit, if you know what I mean. He carried out rigorously all the precepts concerning food, bathing, meditation and so on of the orthodox Hindu. p align="justify"> The participle-testing, for its part, includes the adjective-adverb substitution procedure backed by the corresponding question-procedure, as well as some other analogies. Cf.: p align="justify"> He was in a terrifying condition. ? In what kind of condition was he?? He was in an awful condition. (Adjective substitution procedure) Pursuing this; course of free association, I suddenly remembered a dinner date I once had with a distinguished colleague? When did I suddenly remember a dinner date? ? Then I suddenly remembered a dinner date. (Adverb-substitution procedure) She sits up gasping and staring wild-eyed about her. ? How does she sit up? ? She sits up so. (Adverb-substitution procedure)
The participle also enters into easy coordinative and parallel associations with qualitative and stative adjectives. Cf.: p align="justify"> That was a false, but convincing show of affection. The ears are large, protruding, with the heavy lobes of the sensualist. On the great bed are two figures, a sleeping woman, and a young man awake. p align="justify"> Very important in this respect will be analogies between the present participle qualitative function and the past participle qualitative function, since the separate categorial standing of the past participle remains unchallenged. Cf.: An unmailed letter - a coming letter; the fallen monarchy - the falling monarchy; thinned hair - thinning hair. p align="justify"> Of especial significance for the differential verbid identification purposes are the two different types of conversion the comp...
