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Список використаної літератури
1. Вендельштейн Б.Ю. Дослідження розрізів нафтових і газових свердловин методом власних потенціалів.- М.: Надра, 1966.
2. «Вісник надрокористувача» журнал № 16/2005 <# «justify"> ДОДАТКИ
.2 Oil - General characteristicsproduced from oil and gas wells genrerally constitute mixtures of crude oil, natural gas, and salt water. These mixtures are very difficult to handle, meter, or transport. In addition to the difficulty, it is also unsafe and uneconomical to ship or to transport these mixtures to refineries and gas plants for processing. Further, hydrocarbon shipping tankers, oil refineries, and gas plants require certain specifications for the fluids that each receive. Also, environmental constraints exist for the safe and acceptable handling of hydrocarbon fluids and disposal of produced salt water. It is therеfore necessary to process the produced fluids in the field to yield products that meet the specifications set by the customer and are safe to handle.
OIL PROCESSING
Crude oil-gas-water mixtures produced from wells are generally directed, through flow lines and mainfold system, to a central processing and treatment facility normally called the gas-oil separation plant (GOSP). The first step in processing of the produced stream is the separation of the phases (oil, gas, and water) into separte streams. This takes place in mechanical devices known as two-phase gas-oil separators when the produced stream contains no water or three-phase separators when the produced stream contains water. Gas-oil separation carried out in these separators is recognized as the backbone process in a train of field processing units of oil and gas operations. The separators are used to relieve the excess pressure due to the gas associated with the produced crude and, consequently, separating it from the oil. When water exists in the produced stream, separators are also used to separate the free water from the oil. Once separation is done, each stream undergoes the proper processing for further field treatment, as shown in Fig. 3.2.1. <file:///C:Documents%20and%20SettingsLoner-XPРабочий%20столНастеAbdel-Aal.et.al.Petroleum.and.Gas.Field.Processing.doc>leaving the separator does not generally meet the purchasers specifications. Oil may still contain between 10% and 15% water that exists mostly as emulsified water.
3.2.1. An outline of the processing surface field operations.
presence of this salt water presents serious corrosion and scaling problems in transportation and refinery operations.Water remaining in the oil is known as the basic sediments and water (BS & W). A maximum of 1% BS & W and in some cases less than 0.5% BS & W is acceptable. The limit on the salt content of the remnant water in oils is usually in the range of 10 to 15 PTB (pounds of salt per thousand barrels of oil). If these specifications are not met, then further treatment of the oil leaving the separator will be needed. Such treatment involves emulsion treatment / dehydration and desalting processes. After oil treating, there may be a need to stabilize the crude oil to ...
