saw him. + He came. ? I saw him come. br/>В В
In a more generalised, categorial-oriented paradigmatic presentation the sentence will be shown as a transformational combination of the two kernel pattern-formulas:
bols can vary in accord with the concrete needs of analysis and demonstration.
The derivation of genuine sentences lying on the "surface" of speech out of kernel sentences lying in the "deep base" of speech can be analysed as a process falling into sets of elementary transformational steps or procedures. These procedures make up six major classes. p align="justify"> The first class includes steps of "morphological arrangement" of the sentence, ie morphological changes expressing syntactically relevant categories, above all, the predicative categories of the finite verb: tense, aspect, voice, mood. The syntactic role of these forms of morphological change (systematised into morphological paradigms) consists in the fact that they make up parts of the more general syntactico-paradigmatic series. E.g.:
John + start (the kernel base string)? John starts. John will be starting. John would be starting. John has started. Etc. p align="justify"> The second class of the described procedures includes various uses of functional words (functional expansion). From the syntactic point of view these words are transformers of syntactic constructions in the same sense as the categorial morphemes {eg inflexions) are transformers of lexemes, i.e. morphological constructions. E.g.:
He understood my request. ? He seemed to understand my request. Now they consider the suggestion. ? Now they do consider the suggestion. p align="justify"> The third class of syntactic derivational procedures includes the processes of substitution. Among the substitutes we find personal pronouns, demonstrative-substitute pronouns, indefinite-substitute pronouns, as well as substitutive combinations of half-notional words. Cf.: p align="justify"> The pupils ran out of the classroom. ? They ran out of the classroom. I want another pen, please. ? I want another one, please. p align="justify"> The fourth class of the procedures in question is formed by processes of deletion, ie elimination of some elements of the sentence in various contextual conditions. As a result of deletion the corresponding reduced constructions are produced. E.g.:
Would you like a cup of tea? ? A cup of tea? It's a pleasure! ? Pleasure! p align="justify"> The fifth class of syntactic derivational procedures includes processes of positional arrangement, in particular, permutations (changes of the word-order into the reverse patterns). E.g.:
The man is here. ? Is the man here? Jim ran in with an excited cry. - В»In ran Jim with an excited cry. p align="justify"> The sixth class of syntactic derivational procedures is formed by processes of intonational arrangement, ie application of various functional tones and accents. This arrangement is represented in written and typed speech by punctuation marks, the use of different varieties of print, the use of various modes of underlining and other graphical means. E.g.:
We must go. ? We must go? We? Must go?? You care nothing about what I feel. ? You care nothing about what I feel! p align="justify"> The described procedures are all functionally relevant, ie they serve as syntactically meaningful dynamic features of the sentence. For various expressive purposes they may be applied either singly or, more often than not, in combination with one another. E.g.: We finish the work. ? We are not going to finish it. p align="justify"> For the production of the cited sentence-transform the following procedures are used: morphological change, introduction of functional words, substitution, intonational arrangement. The functional (meaningful) outcome of the whole process is the expression of the modal future combined with a negation in a dialogue response. Cf.: p align="justify"> Are we ever going to finish the work? ? Anyway, we are not going to finish it today! p align="justify"> The derivational procedures applied to the kernel sentence introduce it into two types of derivational relations in the sentential paradigmatic system: first, the "constructional" relations; second, the "predicative" relations. The constructional derivation effects the formation of more complex clausal structures out of simpler ones; in other words, it provides for the expression of the nominative-notional syntactic semantics of the sentence. The predicative derivation realises the formation of predicatively different units not affecting the constructional volume of the base; in other words, it is responsible for the expression of the predicative syntactic semantics of the sentence. Both types of d...
