erivational procedures form the two subsystems within the general system of syntactic paradigmatics. p align="justify"> As part of the constructional system of syntactic paradigmatics, kernel sentences, as well as other, expanded base-sentences undergo derivational changes into clauses and phrases.
The transformation of a base sentence into a clause can "be called" clausalisation ". By way of clausalisation a sentence is changed into a subordinate or coordinate clause in the process of subordinative or coordinative combination of sentences. The main clausalising procedures involve the use of conjunctive words - subordinators and coordinators. Since a composite sentence is produced from minimum two base sentences, the derivational processes of composite sentence production are sometimes called "two-base transformations". For example, two kernel sentences "They arrived" and "They relieved me of my fears" (? I was relieved of my fears), combined by subordinative and coordinative clausalising, produce the following constructions:
? When they arrived I was relieved of my fears. ? If they arrive, I shall be relieved of my fears. ? Even though they arrive, I shan't be relieved of my fears. Etc. ? They arrived, and I was relieved of my fears. ? They arrived, but I was not relieved of my fears. Etc. p align="justify"> The transformation of a base sentence into a phrase can be called "phrasalisation". By phrasalisation a sentence is transformed either into a semi-predicative construction (a semi-clause), or into a nominal phrase. p align="justify"> Nominal phrases are produced by the process of nominalisation, ie nominalising phrasalisation which we have analyzed before (see Ch. XX). Nominalisation may be complete, consisting in completely depriving the sentence of its predicative aspect, or partial, consisting in partially depriving the sentence of its predicative aspect. Partial nominalisation in English produces infinitive and gerundial phrases. By other types of phrasalisation such semi-clauses are derived as complex objects of infinitive and participial types, various participial constructions of adverbial status and some other, minor complexes. The resulting constructions produced by the application of the cited phrasalising procedures in the process of derivational combination of base sentences will be both simple expanded sentences (in case of complete nominalisation) and semi-composite sentences (in case of various partial nominalisations and other phrasalisations) . Cf.: p align="justify"> В»On their arrival I was relieved of my fears. - В»They arrived to relieve me of my fears. ? They arrived relieving me of my fears. ? Having arrived, they did relieve me of my fears. Etc. p align="justify"> As is seen from the examples, each variety of derivational combination of concrete sentences has its own semantic purpose expressed by the procedures employed.
As part of the predicative system of syntactic paradigmatics, kernel sentences, as well as expanded base-sentences, undergo such structural modifications as immediately express the predicative functions of the sentence, ie the functions relating the nominative meanings of the sentence to reality. Of especial importance in this respect is the expression of predicative functions by sentences which are elementary as regards the set of their notional constituents: being elementary from the point of view of nominative semantics, these sentences can be used as genuine, ordinary utterances of speech. Bearing in mind the elementary nominative nature of its constructional units, we call the system of sentences so identified the "Primary Syntactic System" (Lat. "Prima Systema Syntactica"). p align="justify"> To recognise a primary sentence in the text, one must use the criteria of elementary sentence-structure identification applied to the notional constituents of the sentence, irrespective of the functional meanings rendered by it. For instance, the notionally minimal negative sentence should be classed as primary, though not quite elementary (kernel) in the paradigmatic sense, negation being not a notional, but a functional sentence factor. Cf.: p align="justify"> I have met the man. ? I have not met the man. ? I have never met the man. p align="justify"> Any composite (or semi-composite) sentence is analysable into two or more primary sentences (ie sentences elementary in the notional sense). E.g.:
Is it a matter of no consequence that I should find you with a young man wearing my pyjamas? В«- Is it a matter of no consequence? + I should find you with a (young) man. + The (young) man is wearing my pyjamas. p align="justify"> The kernel sentence can also have its representation in speech, being embodied by the simplest sentential construction not only in the notional, but also in the functional sense. In other words, it is an el...
