1702). He accepted his role as a constitutional monarch. , In Parliament the lines of the modern party system were already being drawn. The party of landowners was called Tories laquo ;, the party of merchants and nobles was called Whigs raquo ;. Both parties hated each other, that s why both words were of negative meaning. Tory was the name of certain Irish robbers, Whigs was an exclamation of the men driving horses. Tories wanted the peaceful domestic policy in England, Whigs wanted to force the king to rule through Parliament.
1.2 The writers of the Enlightenment fought for freedom
Glorious Revolution was the political background of the development of the political literature. Literature met the interests of the bourgeoisie. The writers of the Enlightenment fought for freedom. Most of them wrote political pamphlets, but the best came from the pen of Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift. The greatest essayists were Richard Steele and Joseph Addison. Addison spoke more gently, Steele - a little bit warmly, Alexander Pope - more sharply. But all of them used to flatter the upper-class readers who thought that those essays were written about their neighbours or somebody else. Those writers could create such an illusion. That illusion was comfortable for the contemporary society.newspapers had been published since the Civil War, and in 1702 the first daily newspaper was established. Much of the drama was written not in poetry but in prose. The leading form of literature became the novel. The hero of the novel was a representative of the middle class. Earlier the common people were shown only as comical personages. The writers of the Age of Enlightenment wanted to improve the world. But some of them hoped to do this only by teaching. Others openly protested against the social order.two groups of the Enlighteners could be distinguished :. Daniel Defoe (1661-1731) Addison (1672-1719) Steele (1672-1729) Pope (1688-1744) Richardson (1689-1761) Sterne (1713-1768). Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) Fielding (1707-1754) Smollett (1721-1771) Goldsmith (1728-1774) Sheridan (1751-1816) Defoe (1661-1731) Defoe (Foe, he added De 40 years later ) called himself fortunate in his education as well as in his family. He was the eldest son of an intelligent London chandler James Foe. His father expected him to become a Minister, but as Defoe later said of his desire to write about economics rather than politics, trade was the thing I really desired to have taken up with raquo ;. In +1680 when he was 21 he became a commission merchant, dealing manufacture and acting a jobber for wine, tobacco, woollens and other goods. He travelled a lot and knew several languages. Defoe wrote several comparative notes on manners and customs of different nations in the countries of Europe. +1684 Defoe was a well-to-do businessman, and he could marry an attractive young girl of 20 brought up in a rather more important commercial family than his own. Defoe was too energetic. That s why when his business began to bore him he looked for more thrilling speculations. As a result, in 1692 Defoe was forced into bankruptcy. But he wasn t upset. He was an optimist. He decided to publish his first real book An Essay upon Projects in 1698. He wrote down the suggestions how to improve roads.years later in 1719, his masterpiece Robinson Crusoe appeared. Then he retired to the comfortable country house that he shared with his wife and two unmarried daughters.1722 Defoe published his novel The Adventure of Colonel Jack, in 1 724 his well-known book Roxana appeared.his several bankruptcies, Defoe wrote with enthusiasm about trade. In 1726 his History of the History was published, in 1727 his Essay on the History and in 1728 his" Plan of the English Commerce appeared.died in 1731 in London.
1.3 Jonathan Swift was one of the famous English writers of the Age of Enlightenment
, he was a bitter satirist of the beginning of the 18th century.his Battle of the Books (1704) he supported the ancients. In the Tale of a Tub (1704) he attacked the religious ideas. Swift is known to students of literature as the writer of most bitter and utterly damning satire ever written in England - A Modest Proposal (1 729). Jonathan is still loved and valued in Ireland as one of the first and greatest of the fighters for Irish freedom.was born in Dublin. The city s name comes from Irish dubh lin, the dark pool where the peaty waters of the Liffey flow into the bow of the great horseshoe of Dublin Bay. For 300 years it was the core of the Pale, the area fortified by dyke, bank and palisade, from which the Norman English attempted to rule Ireland. Later it was the centre from which Tudor, Stuart and Cromwellian governments sought to plant and colonize the land. In the 17th and ...
