number of genres and themes of the films. Moreover, they had to work on the quality of these films.to the filming of some theatrical performances there appeared the genre of musical. As the spectators waited for entertainment their demands were unpretentious. In this case talented directors felt they could not incarnate themselves as their works would be hardly sold and showed on the screens of the cinema. On the contrary, the directors which were not talented just tried to please the requirements of the public. They were ready to shoot two or three (or sometimes even more) films a week in order to make more money. I would like to provide an example of such a famous American director as Mack Sennett. He took into consideration the expectations of the public and was guided by the experience of music-halls and burlesque. In his works he used the features of comedy genre and circus clownery and in this way he invented a genre which was named by him Keystone comedies (by the name of the studio of the independent which was organized in 1912 and where Sennett began his career)edies made by Sennett were short-length and rarely consisted of two parts. In fact they were a mixture of unbelievable situations united by a primitive plot. Sennett worked without a script and invented ridiculous scenes right on the film set. He shot several episodes, looked them through after the shooting, and then cut them in the necessary order. He released about two or three films a week and they were showed in the cinemas many times until the public was tired of them. For instance, the first popular comedies were placed in the bakery or confectionery where the characters threw into each other s faces cakes with cream at the end of the film. When their faces were wholly covered with cream and when they were already slipping on the floor they came out into the street where they were pursuing each other while falling and surmounting difficulties. It was a really absurd spectacle but the public liked it so the directors satisfied their requirements continued creating such movies.the comedies about bakeries there appeared comedies about car drivers, then about policemen, then about swimmers and so on. All the times the film-makers were looking for the new ideas, for new plots, for new heroes. The may have found them anywhere but mostly they took them from daily life and first art forms such as theatre and circus. That borrowing also depended on the genre.directors felt the lack of material for making more and more films. Besides theatre performances they used the history of America. The theme of American Indian migration and cowboys was a real pet subject. There was a lot to tell and of course to shoot. People did not know what was there in the Wild West so the film-makers were happy to make the movies that were well-watched. That situation gave birth to the genre of western which is still very popular nowadays. should be noticed that there were so many different subjects of the films that soon there appeared the system of genres. Each genre implied special techniques and methods used by movie makers. It also influenced the development of cinema language. On the one hand, it allowed the directors to understand the nature of cinema better and to work more professionally. On the other hand, some film-makers learned these methods and used them in a very standard way not creating but rubber-stamping films one by one. Such films may be regarded as one day movie and they did not go down in history. They just satisfied people s requirements and the directors got their money.similar situation may be noticed in our modern world. The system of genres remains quite the same. There appeared several sub-genres but in fact the main genres did not change, like western or musical. Moreover, some modern films are real masterpieces of the world cinematography while there are also films which we have already named as one day movies. The most widespread genre now is comedy where the plot is very simple, the scenes are predictable and all the action ends with happy ending. The happy ending is the invention of American cinematography as a logical conclusion of the American dream. It became an integral part of most American films in forming national self- consciousness. Furthermore, it is proved that people like films with happy endings so the directors are ready to provide their films with them.
Conclusion
, in the work various pre-cinema inventions and techniques are analyzed that allowed to follow their influence on the cinematography on the whole. The XIX-th century was marked with a great number of scientific inventions in the whole area of ??life. Speaking about cinematography, motion-picture camera was a final link in the series of inventions connected with the use of light and shadows. It gave a multitude of opportunities to the mankind and changed the cou...
