identifiable, though in some instances, only one of the elements may be identifiable raquo ;. In addition, the authors, mentioned above, classify folk etymology as a type of blending. On the contrary, Booij (2007) does not mention folk etymology and only in a few words talks about blending. It should be mentioned that there is also one more type of such process of derivation in the English language as backformation. All of the scientists (Lieber 2011; Brinton amp; Brinton 2010; Jackson amp; Ze Amvela (2000) declare that backformation is a process of forming the word into the position when it was without affixes. One of the processes of word-formation is called clipping. Aronoff and Fudeman (2005: 115) explain the term clipping as the creation of a new word by truncation of an existing one raquo ;. There are also other processes of word building without adding an affix such as shortening, creating of alphabetic forms and abbreviating. Mirabela amp; Ariana (2012) say that: Abbreviation is a popular way of forming words. Abbreviations are similar in nature to blends, because both blends and abbreviations are amalgamations of different parts of words. Like truncation and blending, abbreviation involves loss of material, but it differs, however, from truncation and blending in that prosodic categories do not play a prominent role. It is considered that orthography plays a central importance. Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations formed from the first letters of words raquo ;. Lieber (2011: 53) claims that: In acronym, the new word is pronounced as a word, rather than as a series of letters. Lt; ... gt; Initialisms are similar to acronyms in that they are composed from the first letters of a phrase, but unlike acronyms, they are pronounced as a series of letters raquo ;. Briton and Brinton (2010), Aronoff and Fudeman (2005) agree with the above mentioned statement. Booij (2007: 20) asserts that: acronyms are combination of initial letters of a word sequence raquo ;. Neither Booij (2007) reveals how acronyms should be pronounced nor does he mention initialisms. Jackson and Ze Amvela (2000) emphasize that alphabetisms, abbreviations and acronyms belong to the group of initialisms depending how words are pronounced. They (Jackson amp; Ze Amvela 2000: 89) also say that: When initialisms are pronounced with the names of the letters of the alphabet, they may be called alphabetisms or abbreviations. But when they are pronounced like individual lexical items, they are acronyms raquo ;. Moreover, Jackson and Ze Amvela (2000) claim that there are coincidences in pronunciation of both acronyms as alphabetisms. Haspelmath and Sims (2010) in their research book do not mention any initialisms and say that acronyms and alphabetisms belong to the class of alphabet-based abbreviations. Thus, Plag (+2008: 13) points out the fact that: Blends based on orthography are called acronyms, which are coined by combining the initial letters of compounds or phrases into a pronounceable new word raquo ;. He adds that there are some problems in distinguishing abbreviations when there already exist homophonous words with a stem in the English language. Langacker (2008) states that acronyms can be pronounced both as individually spelled letters and spelled as one word. Onysko and Michel (2010: 60) say that: ... an acronym, perceived as a higher level entity with its own identity, would qualify as an instance of morpheme formation, in fact an extreme example of emergentness, with the constituent phonemes re-combining to yield a morpheme; an initialism, presupposing a phoneme-by-phoneme reading, would rather instantiate a case of expression formation .conclusion, there are main types of derivation pointed out such as: affixation, reduplication, conversion, compounding, blending, backformation, shortening, abbreviating and clipping. Initialisms and acronyms are sub-classes of abbreviations. Some scientists claim that initialisms are pronounced as individually spelled letters while acronyms are spelled as one word. Although, the majority of scientists are not able to prove that initialisms totally differs from acronyms because acronyms can also be pronounced as individually spelled letters.
3. Formation of acronyms
researchers claim that there is no sharp line between distinction of acronyms or initialisms. So the acronyms are similarly coined as initialisms. Acronyms are often gathered with abbreviations. For example, McArthur (1996: 13-14) states that: Acronyms are numerous and are more constantly being coined. As a result, they are often gathered, with other abbreviations, in such collections as Elevier s Foreigh-Language Teacher s Dictionary of Acronyms and Abbreviations , which contains more than 3.500 items like Flint (Fore...
