p align="justify"> [? ] Is fully voiced in word initial position before a vowel or in intervocalic position, eg Jack, pigeon. In word final position it is partly devoiced [? ], Eg George, [tf] is voiceless in all positions.
[? ,? ] Are occlusive-constrictive, forelingual, apical, palato-alveolar, bicentral; [Tf] is strong and voiceless, [? ] Is weak and voiced. In word final position it is partially devoiced.
[? ] - Not exactly a consonant, it rather distinguishes properties of the vowel it follows.
When following a member of the «light» vowels (e, i, u) it becomes a gliding «i» sound. This letter does not exist in the English alphabet.
[h] is constrictive fricative, glottal, voiceless. As [h] occurs only in рrе-vocalic positions it is the sound of breath passing between the vocal cords and out of the mouth which is already held really for the following vowel: before [i: j the mouth is in position fur [i :], before [u:] it is ready for [u:] and so on;
[? ] is a fortis, voiceless, post-alveolar fricative, as in ship, machine, schedule, sure, assure, mansion, session, Russian, nation, conscience, special, ocean, luxury. It is spelt before , before , and before . Therefore textbooks usually distinguish as graphs for [s].
[? ,?] Are constrictive fricative, forelingual, apical, palate-alveolar, bicentral; [?] Is strong and voiceless, [?] Is weak and voiced, in final position it is partially devoiced.
[? ,?] Are fore-lingual, apical, interdental, articulated with the tip of the tongue projected between the upper and the lower teeth; [S, z; ? ,? ] Are forelingual, apical alveolar, produced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge; [H] is glottal, made in the glottis.
[f,?, s,? h] are strong (fortis); [V,?, Z,? ] Are weak (lenis).
Bibliography
1.Berg T. (1989). On the internal structure of polysyllabic monomorphemic words: the case for superrimes. Studia linguistica 43: 5-32.
2.Bolinger Dwight L.1986. Intonation and Its Parts. Melody in Spoken English. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
. Cambridge survey, vol. 2: Linguistic theory: extensions and implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 220-49.
. Chi? oran, Dumitru. 1978. English Phonetics and Phonology. Bucure? Ti: Editura Didactic? ? I Pedagogic?.
. Clark, John and Collin Yallop. 1995. An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Second edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
. Clements G.N. & S.J. Keyser (1983). CV phonology: a generative theory of the syllable. (Linguistic Inquiry Monographs 9.) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
. Clements G.N. (1985). The geometry of phonological features. Phonology Yearbook 2: 225-52.
. Collins, W. (1979). The works of William Collins, ed. R. Wendorf and C. Ryskamp. Oxford:
. Contributions to generative phonology. Austin: University of Texas Press. 171-200.
. Crystal David. 1985. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2nd edition, updated and enlarged. Oxford: Blackwell.
. Danielsson B. (1955, 1963). John Harts works on English orthography and pronunciation...
