sign is a two-faced unit possessing both form & content or, to be more exact, sound-form & meaning.used in actual speech the word undergoes certain modification & functions in one of its forms. The system showing a word in all its word - forms is called a paradigm. The lexical meaning of a word is the same throughout the paradigm. The grammatical meaning varies from one form to another. Therefore when we speak on any word as used in actual speech we use the term В«wordВ» conventionally because what is manifested in the utterances is not a word as a whole but one of its forms which is identified as belonging to the definite paradigm. Words as a whole are to be found in the dictionary (showing the paradigm n - noun, v - verb, etc). Are two approaches to the paradigm: as a system of forms of one word revealing the differences & the relationships between them . abstraction from concrete words the paradigm is treated as a pattern on which every word of one part of speech models its forms, thus serving to distinguish one part of speech from another.
s - s - s
ed - ingof-phrases verbsthe grammatical forms of words there are lexical varieties which are called В«variantsВ» of words. Words seldom possess only one meaning, but used in speech each word reveals only that meaning which is required. g. to learn at school to make a dresslearn about smth. /Smbd. to make smbd. do smth.are lexico-semantic variants.are also phonetic & morphological variants .. g. В«OftenВ» can be pronounced in two ways, though the sound-form is slightly changed, the meaning remains unchangeable. We can build the forms of the word В«to dreamВ» in different ways: dream - dreamt - dreamt. br/>
1.4 Contrastive analysis and translation studies
relationship between CA and translation is bidirectional. On the one hand, the translation of specific pieces of text may provide the data for CA, as in Gleason (1965), Krzeszowski (1990) and James (1980). On the other, CA may provide explanations of difficulties encountered in translation (eg Nida 1964; Beekman and Callow 1974; Yebra 1982; Enkwist 1978; Baker 1992). [16] as a source of data for CA is strictly unavoidable. The crucial factors here are what size of language sample has been chosen for translation, whether it is naturally occurring or fabricated for the purpose, and whether the translation is the analyst s own. Though the focus of CA may continue to shift towards pragmatics and discourse analysis, its use in translation is not inevitable. It is however unlikely that it can be dispensed with completely either in the training of translators or in the assessment of translations, even in its more traditional lexico-grammatical manifestations; Halliday (1985) notes that a discourse analysis that is not based on grammar is not ana...
