ble for the same purpose (explained by ornamental considerations: OE cu-cow ME. 6) To indicate the length of ava doubling of a letter, in 2 cases: ee for [e: ], oo - [o:]: OE brжth-breeth ME. 7) Starting with ME, the diagraph 'ie' began to be used to represent [e:]. (From Fr). First in such loans as "chief, relief", a into native Eng, like "field" (OE felf) .8) Starting with EModE, the final mute 'e' - indicator of a long root v: OE ham - ME hom - Early ME home. 9) In the 16c the d-ph 'ea' for [?:]: OE? Le-ME elch - Early ME each. Later, after GVS [e:] and [?:] Had merged in [I:], their graphic distinctions lost significance. In ModE [i:] can be indicated in 5 ways: by the digr-s 'ie', 'ee', 'ea', 'ei' and with the help of the final mute 'e': field, feet. 10) 16c - 'oa' for [?:] In order to distinguish it from [o:] spelt as 'oo': OE rad - ME rod - Early ME road. In ModE 'oo' and 'oa' still represented 2 diff sounds. 11) In ME the letter 'O' - for short [u]. Thus, to shape the end of a word, the letter 'y' - for [I]: OE daз-ME dai, day. Digr 'ow' - in the final position instead the former 'ou': OE nu-ME nou, now. The OE cluster 'hw' underwent graphic metathesis in ME a spelt as 'wh': OE hw? T - ME what. The numerous sound changes of the Early ME period increased the gap b w Eng sp-ing and pronunc-n. Orthography can be regulated by phon, morph, history principles . OE spell-ng based on phon pr, was correspondence b wa phoneme & its graph present-n. In ModE such few cases-lost, let, net, lot. Morph pr-not typical for Eng, but for Rus-even reduced vowels are spelt in their full form. In ModE orth-y history pr-domin, in accor with which rules of spel-ng were conditioned by sound changes. 2 kinds of rules in ModE spell-ng-1 those developed on the original grounds, 2 etymol rules, reflecting spell-ng of loans. /Td>
Principles of classif-n of Phras Units . Many terms for ph u, but set expr-n-best-it stresses the specific qualities of a ph u: stability, idiomaticity, integrity, synt indivisibility. Central problem is of criteria distinguishing them from free w-gr. Шахм і Фортун singled out-stability, idiomaticity, function & context. Criterion of stability means that components of ph u follow each other in the definite constant order, there can be no substitution of them. Criticism-many ph u lack absolute stability & admit wide variations. Cr of idiomaticity - based on the lack of motivation. Vinogradov singled out degrees of idiom-ty:-Ph fusion (зрощення), non-motivated at all, to kick the bucket. -Ph unity, w.groups which can be perceived through the metaphor, metonym meaning, to wash one's dirty linen in public. -Ph collocations, stable set groups which still have a clear motivation but a strictly limited voc, to shrug one's shoulder. Criticism-no distinct boarder line can be found b w gr 1 & 2, 2 & 3. Cr of function presupposes that ph u are gram & styl-ly inseparable, in a sentence behave like a single synt form, He wrote it in a long run. Criticism-the same ph u may be inseparable in 1 type of synt context & separable in another, take care-care was taken. Cr of context - ph u have a fixed meaning (unlike free w gr). Амосова subdivided into: - phrases,-idioms. Phrases-2member gr in which 1 of of the mem has a spec meaning dependant on the 2 nd (small hours = early). Idioms are charact-ed by idiomaticity of the whole gr (red tape). Criticism-non-variability of context doesn't necessarily imply spec meaning of the component. Some w-gr aren't stable, although have various degree of idiomat-ty. Many cl-ns before Kunin's. Smith & Ball -on the basis of Rhyme, alliteration, contrast. Фортунатов & Шахматов paid attention to syntactic analisys of ph ua structural cl was produced. Diachronic cl by Larin reflects 3 stages a unit passes on the way of becoming a phr unit-1 a free word-group. 2 metaphorical phrase. 3 idiom. Some phr units had been found spontaneously (never been free wg). Vinogradov's cl is synchronic. Based on the motivation of the unit, i.e. the relationship b w the meaning of the whole & the meaning of its component parts. The degree of motivation is correlated with the rigidity, indivisibility & semantic unity of the expr-n. a 3 types of ph u are suggested-phr fusions, phr units, phr combinations . Smirnitskii - the reversed V's cl-n) - 1 traditional phrases. 2 phr combination with the faded ph units (to fall in love). 3 idioms wh have no motivation (as dead as a doornail). Kunin has many cl-ns, the main-based upon the combination of functional, semant features: 1nominative ph u. 2com...
