), etc.;
suffix denoting direction: - ward (s) (homeward, backwards), etc.
5. Numeral-forming suffixes are classified into three groups according to the type of numeral they build. p align="justify"> Prefixation. Classification of prefixes.
Now that the majority of prefixes possess only lexical meaning prefixes are classified only according to their lexical meaning. They are classified into the following groups. p align="justify">) Prefixes with negative meaning: un - (unjust), in - (and its allomorphs) (injustice, inexperienced), non - (non-productive, non-stop flight), etc.;
) Prefixes denoting the reversal of an action (зворотну дію) form verbs with the meaning В«doing things the other way roundВ»: un - (cf. lock - unlock, dress - undress, button - unbutton , load - unload, what is done cannot be undone (proverb), dis - (cf. arm - disarm, appear - disappear, cover - discover), de - (demilitarise, defrost), etc.;
3) Prefixes with an adverbial force suggest the idea of ​​place, time, manner or degree.
Prefixes denoting place:
in - (inside, include, impress);
out - (outcome, outlaw В«бандитВ»);
ex - (exclude, express);
ad - (going back to the Latin preposition ad В«toВ», cf. L. ad patres В«до праотцівВ», per aspera ad astra В«через труднощі до зірокВ»): adverb ( ie added to the verb); add (where - d is the root morpheme). Ad - (like in-) has several allomorphs, which are formed through regressive assimilation: abbreviate, accustom, affirm, approve, appoint, arrange, assimilate, attract;
inter - (international);
sub - (subway, suppress), etc.
Prefixes denoting time: fore - (to foresee, to foretell), pre - (prewar, prerevolutionary, prehistoric), post - (post-war).
Prefixes denoting manner: mis - (misspell, mistake, misunderstand, mispronounce).
Prefixes denoting degree: under - В«too littleВ» (to underfeed, to underpay), over - В«too muchВ» (to overeat, to overdo (oneself) В«перестаратисяВ», to oversleep (oneself) В«проспатиВ», to overhear; cf. meat underdone - meat overdone.
4) Prefix denoting repetition of an action: re - (rewrite, redevelop a centre В«перебудовувати центрВ»);
5) Prefix denoting views: pro - (pro-reform).
Productivity of affixes.
Productive affixes form new words in present-day English: - er, - less, un-, etc.
Non-productive affixes do not form new words, but they are recognized in words, eg - T in weight (from to weigh), complaint (from to complain), flight (from to fly), gift (from to give), height (from high); - th in breadth (from broad); fore - in forehead ; - al in historical, - ancy/ency in frequency.
Dead affixes do not form new words and cannot be recognized in modern English words: - k in walk, talk.
Productivity is not stable, it changes with times.
Polysemy, homonymy and synonymy in affixes.
Affixes as well as words can be polysemantic. E.g. - Er has four meanings: 1) profession: teacher, 2) feature of a character: early-riser, poor eater, 3) occupation at the moment: passer-by, watcher, 4) device: lighter В«запальничкаВ».
Affixes as well as words can be homonymous. E.g. there are a few suffixes - ly: adverb-building - ly (exactly, nicely), adjective-building - ly (friendly, weekly); there are a few suffixes - y: adjective-building - y (pricey В«дорогуватийВ», fruity В«з фруктовим смакомВ»), diminutive noun-forming suffix - y (sonny).
Affixes as well as words can be synonymous, eg - Ent, - ous build adjectives, which denote presence of a quality: intelligent, famous.
Etymology of affixes.
Affixes as well as words are native or borrowed. E.g. - Hood, - dom, - ship, etc. are native affixes; - able, - ee, - ess, - ence/ance, - nik (sputnik), - ik (sundayik), etc. are borrowed affixes.
Words including etymologically different morphemes are called hybridsHy. bridism can be illustrated by words refusenik, renew, etc.
