Sentence definitions.
Problem of definition. The German scholars to summarize all the definitions> 301 (gave up). 6 groups:
1. Log definition : s-ce - is a group of words expressing a complete thought (English Descriptive or nominative grammar, 18 th c.) 2 Psychol D . (The school of the Young gram-s): s-ce-is not only a linguistic unit but also the structure of human feeling or thought. (Шахматов - Пропозиція - це комбінація уявлень в процесі мислення.). S.Curme (an Eng. scholar): a sentence is an expression of thought or feeling by means of a word or words used in such forms and manner as to convey the meaning intended. 3. Structural D . (Classical Sc Gr-r), R.Zandvoort: a s-ce is an oral or written communication made up of one or more units, each of which contains a complete utterance formed acc to a definite pattern (за певною схемою). M.Bryant; the s-ce is a communication in words conveying a sense of completeness containing at least one independent verb with its subject. 4. Formal D . Amer Descr Gr-r) Ch. Fries: a s-ce is a word or group of words standing between the initial Capital letter and a mark of end punctuation or between two marks of end punctuation. 5. Phonetic D. (Amer.Desc Gr) M.Whitehall: an utterance ending with one of 2 intonation contours (fall>.!, Rise>?) Typical of the Eng. language. Mixed definitions where several features of a s-ce are reflected. The features : - the s-ce is a syntactic unit; - the s-ce is an autonomous unit which isn't a part of a larger syntactic structure; - the s-ce is a structurally complete unit which is based on a certain syntactic pattern or modal and contains all the component characteristics of these pattern. The s-ce doesn't necessarily express a complete thought because in many cases it may contain the words whose lexl meaning is ambiguous and depends on the context. Ex. She did that. - The s-ce is characterized by its own purpose of utterance. It can be a statement, a? or a command. - The s-ce as an syntactic unit is materialized in a written or oral form. Acc-ly it should be phonetically or graphically shaped. So, the s-ce is the smallest, autonomous, structurally complete syntactic unit having its own purpose of utterance and phonetically and graphically shaped. br/>
Category of modality of a s-ce.
The meaning of every sent is related to reality. The gram category which is used to relate the meaning of an utterance to reality is known as Modality. Naida - M indicates the psychological atmosphere of the action as reflecting the speaker's attitude. Виноградов - М-це відношення змісту висловлювання до дійсності з т.зр. мовця. Ch. Balie : "In every s-ce there are 2 layers> dictum and modus. Dictum bears the meaning of the s-ce, what is said about the subj. Modus expresses the speaker's attitude to what is being said. In every sent there's obvious objective modality which indicates the sent meaning & its interrelations with reality. The most important and most universal means of expressing s-ce mod-ty is the verbal category of mood. Since every predicate in a s-ce stands in one of 3 moods the mod-ty expressed in this way is called the objective mod-ty. Objective mod-ty is subdivided into 2 groups: mod-ty of reality (indicative mood) and mod-ty of unreality (the imperative, subjunctive moods). There may appear in a s-ce lang-e forms expressing the speaker's personal attitude. This is the 2 nd kind of mod-ty> the subjective mod-ty . It is expressed by a great variety of lang-e means. There's a spec.class-n of wrds (Modal words) expressing (un-) certainty of the speaker, supposition. 1 st of all these are parenthesis . They may be single words : probably, certainly, luckily; phrases : in my opinion, to my mind, to tell the truth, to put it mildly, to be honest; parenthetical clauses : I think, I hope, I doubt, I'm afraid, as john told me and so on. 2. evaluating words-gorgeous, wonderful ... (Ns. Adj-s, Adv-s);
1. Synt character> these are tag-questions; 2 Intonation - to transform a statement into supposition (rising tone). In 1 & the same sent the forms of Obj Mod-ty & Subj M. can be used simultaneously. The Obj M is obligatory forevery sent, while Subj M is optional-speaker's choice. The means of Subj M may strengthen or weaken the meaning of Obj M (I'm sure he's here. Probably he's here.) p> Modal Vs express diff kinds of mod-ty which shows the relations between the action an...
