n="justify"> Objectivity.
. Standard conditions for administrating and scoring.
. Standards for interpretation.
. Fairness.
. Validity.
. Reliability.general it is possible to identify two kinds of tests: standardized and local constructed . Standardized tests are developed by the Ministry of education or other state institutions. These tests are usually clear and well written, provided by tables of norms and have a good scoring system. But as disadvantage people point out that it is impossible to have a test which will suit all students mental ability and will show the student s real level of knowledge. The problem is that some students even if they are very smart, can experience lack of time, go deep into details while thinking of an answer and others. An alternative to it is a local constructed test . There tests are usually designed by teachers who want to measure students outcome of the topic or the course in general. The results of these tests can be much higher as a teacher knows the students, their learning style and can make a suitable test for them. But unfortunately these teachers are not aware enough of tests requirements as they are not taught it in the university. That is why it is not recommended to base a research study on the teacher s designed tests.the data is collected through tests there are three possible ways of the measurement.
. Norm-referenced measurement or otherwise it is percent measurement. In this case a researcher or a teacher has to calculate the number of correct answers and transfer it into percent. This kind of measurement is usually used on the national levels when general students outcome needs to be checked. The disadvantage of this method is that it does not give information on students as individuals.
. Criterion-referenced measurement is based on the student s result in comparison to the test criteria. This method can be used to grade the course as pass or fail.
. Individual-referenced measurement can show the student s learning progress for the period of time. Here a teacher or researcher can ...
