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Mustafa Kemal Atat? rk was a Turkish army officer, reformist statesman, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atat? Rk (meaning Father of the Turks ), was granted to him in 1 934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament.Ataturk was a military officer during World War I.Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns led to victory in the Turkish War of Independence. Ataturk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern and secular nation-state. Under his leadership, thousands of new schools were built, primary education was made free and compulsory, and women were given equal civil and political rights, while the burden of taxation on peasants was reduced. His government also carried out an extensive policy of Turkification. The principles of Ataturk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism.
The Conference of Lausanne began on 21 November 1922. Turkey, represented by? smet? n? n? of the GNA, refused any proposal that would compromise Turk ish sovereignty, such as the control of Turkish finances, the Capitulations, the Straits and other issues. On 24 July 1 923, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Powers with the GNA, thus recognising the latter as the government of Turkey.29 October 1 923, the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed. Since then Republic Day has been celebrated as a national holiday on this date.the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, efforts to modernise the country started. The new government analyzed the institutions and constitutions of Western states such as France, Sweden, Italy, and Switzerland and adapted them to the needs and characteristics of the Turkish nation. Highlighting the public s lack of knowledge regarding Kemal s intentions, the public chee red: We are returning to the days of the first caliphs. Raquo; [59] Mustafa Kemal placed Fevzi? Akmak, K? Z? M? zalp and? smet? n? n? in political positions where they could institute his reforms. Mustafa Kemal capitalized on his reputation as an efficient military leader and spent the following years, up until his death in 1 938, instituting political, economic, and social reforms. In doing so, he transformed Turkish society from perceiving itself as a Muslim part of a vast Empire into a modern, democratic, and secular nation-state. During +1937, indications that Atat? Rk's health was worsening started to appear. In early 1938 while he was on a trip to Yalova, he suffered from a serious illness. He went to? Stanbul for treatment, where he was diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver. During his stay in? Stanbul, he made an effort to keep up with his regular lifestyle for a while. He died on 10 November 1938, at the age of 57, in the Dolmabah? E Palace, where he spent his last days. [165] The clock in the bedroom where he di ed is still set to the time of his death, 9:05 in the morning.
Recep Tayyip ErdoGan
Recep Tayyip Erdo? an is a Turkish politician who currently serves as the incumbent 12th President of Turkey as of 28 August 2014. He previously served as the 25th Prime Mi nister of Turkey from +2003 to 2014 and as the Mayor of? stanbul between 1994 and 1998. He founded the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in +2001, leading it to three general election victories in 2002, 2 007 and 2011 before stepping down as leader upon his election as President in 2014. Educated at a Imam Hatip school and graduating from Marmara University in 1981, Erdo? an was also a semi-professional footballer playing for Kas? mpa? a between тисячу дев'ятсот шістьдесят дев'ять and тисячі дев'ятсот вісімдесят два before being elected Mayor of? stanbul from the Is lamist Welfare Party in 1 994. He was banned from office and sentenced to prison for 10 months after reciting a religiously incriminating poem in Siirt in 1998. He founded the moderately conservative AKP in +2001 and won the 2002 general election with nearly two-thirds of the seats in parliament with Abdullah Gul becoming Prime Minister of the first single-part government since 1987. Erdo? an became Prime Minister in March 2003 after G? ls government annulled his political ban. As Prime Minister, Erdo? An began n egotiations for Turkey s ascension to the European Union, presided over an economic recovery following an economic crash in 2001, initiated an allegedly Neo-Ottoman foreign policy, began a peace process with PKK separatists and held two successful referendums on constitutional reform in +2007 and 2010. At the same t...
