uction of fricative consonants the narrowing at the place of articulation is flat. Only when [s, z] are produced it is round.
[? ,? ] Are fore-lingual, apical, interdental, articulated with the tip of the tongue projected between the upper and the lower teeth; [S, z; ? ,? ] Are forelingual, apical alveolar, produced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge; [H] is glottal, made in the glottis.
[f,?, s,? h] are strong (fortis); [V,?, Z,? ] Are weak (lenis).
Voicing, [v,?, z,? ] Are fully voiced in word initial position before a vowel as in veal these, zone, giraffe, or in an intervocalic position as in cover, father, bosom.word final position they are partly devoiced as in love | lav], with [wid ], rose [nuzj.
[f,?, s,? h] are voiceless, the vocal cords are apart and do not vibrate.consonants are oral, the soft palate is raised and the air escapes through the mouth.
[? ] Or [? ] is a lenis post-alveolar fricative, as in vision, measure, seizure, prestige, luxurious. It is fully voiced word-medially, as in pleasure,, usual, decision, and may-be partially or completely devoiced word-finally (word-initially it is found only in a few weakly integrated French loanwords, such as jabot, gigue) .
[? ] is a dorsal nasal sonorant, as in sing, singer, sink, lynx, uncle, tongue.
[? ] Is occlusive, nasal, backlingual, velar. . 1. The back part of the tongue is pressed to the soft palate.
The soft palate is lowered and the air goes through the nose.
The vocal cords vibrate.
Recommendations. 1.Open the mouth wide, raise the back of the tongue to the soft palate so that you can feel the firm contact of them. Push the air through the nose. The tip of the tongue is low in the mouth. Be sure to keep this mouth position. At the end of the sound let it die away into silence with no suggestion of [k] or [g].
[w] is a labial dorsal 'sonorant, as in we, which, quick, language; note also one, once, choir, suit with [w].
[w] is constrictive, medial, bilabial, bicentral. In Turkish instead of [w] the phoneme [v] is used. . 1. The lips are firmly rounded and slightly protruded forming an incomplete obstruction.
. The soft palate is raised and the air goes to the mouth.
The back part of the tongue is raised towards the soft pal ate forming the secondary focus.
The sides of the tongue are raised and the air goes along the central part of the tongue.
The vocal cords vibrate.
Recommendations.
. Keep the lips well rounded and even slightly protruded forming a round narrowing for the air stream.
. Push the air through the mouth.
The Turkish alphabet has no Q, W or X. Instead, these are transliterated into Turkish as K, V, and KS, respectively.
[? ] Is a fortis, voiceless, alveolar fricative, as in? a? da? modern, contemporary,? al?? mak to work. This letter is added in the Turkish alphabet and that is why does not exist in English.
