as in kohne ~ ko: ne old.
/ h / is optionally deleted after voiceless stops as in huphe ~ hupe suspicion, ethem ~ etem proper name; and affricates methhul ~ methul unknown, but not before them as in kahpe ka: pe harlot, sahte sa: te counterfeit, ahthi a: thi cook.
/ h / is optionally deleted before and after voiceless fricatives as in mahsus ~ ma: sus special to, ishal ~ isal diarrhea, safha ~ safa step.
/ h / is optionally deleted intervocalically muhendis ~ muendis engineer, muhafaza ~ muafaza protection, as well as word-finally timsah ~ timsa crocodile, but not word-initially hava * ava air.
[? ] is a fortis, voiceless, post-alveolar fricative, as in ship, machine, schedule, sure, assure, mansion, session, Russian, nation, conscience, special, ocean, luxury. It is spelt before , before , and before . Therefore textbooks usually distinguish as graphs for [s].
[?,?] are constrictive fricative, forelingual, apical, palate-alveolar, bicentral; [?] Is strong and voiceless, [?] Is weak and voiced, in final position it is partially devoiced.
Articulation. 1. The tip of the tongue is close to the back part of the teeth ridge forming a flat narrowing.
The front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate, forming the front secondary focus, thus palatalizing the sounds.
The lips are neutral or slightly rounded.
The vocal cords do not vibrate when [?] is pronounced, for [?] they vibrate when it ccurs before vowels, eg pleasure.
Recommendations.
. Start from [s], then put the tip of the tongue a bit backwards. Draw the breath inwards to check that the tip is in the right place. Keep this position and then raise the rest of the tongue to say the vowel [i], slightly round the lips and push the breath through strongly. [?] The friction is strong, stronger than for [?], But less noisy than for [s]. For [?] The friction is weak.
[? ] Or [? ] Is a fortis, voiceless, post-alveolar fricative, as in? arap wine,? a?? rmak to be surprised, confused,? effaf transparent, clear,? ehir city. It is spelt before as in? u that (which is almost within my reach)? unlar, those,?? phe doubt; before as in? iir poem? air, poet. This letter is added in the Turkish alphabet.
[?]
is a lenis dental fricative in English. It is fully voiced in word medial positions, as in breathing, father, gather, and partially or completely devoiced in word-initial and final positions, as in the, this, with.
[? ]
is a fortis, voiceless, dental fricative, as in thought, author, earth.fricative consonants comprise four pairs [f, v; ?; ?, S, z; ? ? ] And [h]. Are constrictive because the air passage is constricted and an incomplete obstruction is formed; they are fricative, because the air passes through the narrowing with audible friction. All the fricatives except [? ? ] Are unicentral. [? ? ] Are bicentral, because they have two places of articulation or two foci, the second being produced by the front part of the tongue raised towards the hard palate thus forming a front secondary focus.the prod...
