han t?/ful /, a charact? ristic? f th? vari? ty? f? nglish? ft? n n? w kn? wn as? stuary? nglish aft? r th? Tham? s? stuary wh? r? it is all? g? dly sp? k? n.
%? f th? Insid? Languag? pan? l? wn? d up t? this v? calic/l/(Q8), 77% d? ni? d it. ? thr ?? [l] s? unds ar? n? t ph? n? m? s? f? nglish b? caus? th? diff? r? nc? is n? v? r imp? rtant t? th? und? rstanding? f sp ?? ch: an/l/is an/l/which? v? r way it is pr? n? unc? d. Th? diff? r? nc? b? tw ?? n cl? ar and dark [l] s is? ntir? ly pr? dictabl? fr? m th? ir p? siti? n in th? syllabl? and n? v? r distinguish? s tw? w? rds. Y? t, in P? lish, lata with a cl? ar [l] m? ans y? ar and l? ata with a dark [l? ] M? ans patch; th? tw? lat? ral s? unds ar? diff? r? nt ph? n? m? s, n? t all? ph? n? s, and s? th? tw? w? rds hav? diff? r? nt m? anings. ? typ? ? f transcript us? d in this chapt? r f? r? nglish is th? n bas? d? n th? ph? n? m?:It is a ph? N? mic transcripti? n sh? wing th? significant c? ntrasting s? unds in th? ph? n? l? gy? f a languag? , N? T a ph? N? tic transcripti? n sh? wing th? minut? st variati? n in s? unds. H? nc? th? diff? r? nc? b? tw ?? n th? transcripts in slant? d brack? ts such as/pil/pill and th? s? in squar? brack? ts such as [pil? ] Ar? that th? f? rm? r ar? giv? n in a br? ad transcript sh? wing ph? n? m? s, th? latt? r in a narr? w transcript sh? wing diff? r? nt all? ph? n? s. ? numb? r? f ph? n? m? s vari? s gr? atly fr? m? n? languag? t? an? th? r. Th? small? st numb? r f? und in UPSID is th? 11? F R? Takas, an Ind? -Pacific Languag? , Th? larg? st th? 141? F! Xu,? nglish c? ming s? m? wh? r? in th? middl? ? f th? rang? with ar? und 44. Th? av? rag? f? r a languag? is in fact 31, with 70%? f languag? s having b? tw ?? n 20 and 37 [52, 95c.]. ? traditi? nal way? f? stablishing th? ph? n? m? s? f a languag? is t? l ?? k f? r pairs? f w? rds kn? wn as minimal pairs. Th? linguist asks nativ? sp? ak? rs? f? nglish wh? th? r pin is diff? r? nt fr? m pig. If th? y agr ?? , Tw? ph? n? m? s? f? nglish hav? b ?? n? stablish? d-/n/and/g /. Th? n th? y ar? tri? d with [p l] and [p w]. Th? y may r? c? gnis? th? s? ar? diff? r? nt acc? nts? f? nglish and? v? n r? gard th? [w] pr? nunciati? n? f/l/as an ab? minati? n. But th? y will still say b? th w? rds ar? pill. N? xt th? y ar? tri? d with p? at and pit; th? n with aspirat? d [ph t] and n? n-aspirat? d [p t]; and s? ? n, till all th? lik? ly s? und c? ntrasts hav? b ?? n t? st? d. In principl? this minimal pairs t? chniqu? ? stablish? s th? r? p? rt? ir? ? f ph? n? m? s in a languag?.is, h? w? v? r, difficult t? find minimal pairs f? r th? ph? n? m? s// and /? /. In th? middl? ? f w? rds? ith? r/i:?/can b? pair? d with/i: /? th? r, if,? f c? urs? ? ith? r is n? t pr? n? unc? d/a? /. At th? ? nd? f w? rds, th? r? ar? a f? w pairs lik? s ?? th/su:/and s ?? th?/su:? /. It is v? ry hard, h? w? v? r, t? find minimal pairs t? c? ntrast th? initial v? ic? d /?/s? und? f th? with th? v? ic? l? ss//? f thr ?? , Th? ? nly candidat? s ?? ming t? b? thigh// v? rsus thy /? ai /. Th? r? as? n is that th? initial /?/S? Und? Ccurs in grammatical w? Rds lik? this and th? n, rar? ly in c? nt? nt w? rds, as was s ?? n in Chapt? r Tw ?, and th? r? ar? ? nly a handful? f such w? rds in th? languag?. Ask s? M? ? n? t? pr? n? unc? th? nam? ? f a plac? th? y ar? unlik? ly t? hav? h? ard b? f? r? (unl? ss th? y liv? in? ss? x), nam? ly Th? yd? n B? is, and th? y will pr? n? unc? it /? id n /, n? t /? ? id n /, alth? ugh th? ? nly? th? r w? rd with similar sp? lling th? y ar? lik? ly t? hav? ? nc? unt? r? d is th? y /? ? i /. B? caus? Th? yd? n is n? t a grammatical w? rd, it cann? t hav?/? /. Lik? int? nati? n, th? s? unds? f a languag? cann? t b? div? rc? d fr? m its grammar. It w? Uld b? difficult t? pr? n? unc? th? s? unds? f? nglish un? rringly with? ut kn? wing grammatical inf? rmati? n ab? ut which w? rds ar? n? uns and which ar? grammatical w? rds.pr? bl? ms in finding minimal pairs aris? accid? ntally with? th? r ph? n? m? s? f? nglish. As w? hav? s ?? n, th? ? nglish ph? n? m?/h /? f h? t? nly? ccurs at th? b? ginning? f syllabl? s, i. ?. th? first C in th? CVC syllabl? structur? ; th? ph? n? m?//? F sang? Ccurs? Nly at th? ? nd? f syllabl? s, th? s? c? nd C in CVC. It is th? r? f? r? imp? ssibl? t? find a pair? f w? rds wh? r? th? tw? can b? c? ntrast? d and d? finit? ly? stablish? d t? b? diff? r? nt ph? n? m? s. By anal? Gy with th? tw? f? rms? f/l /, arguably/h/and/ar? ? n? ph? n? m? with tw? diff? r? nt s? unds. ? c? mm? n-s? ns? s? luti? n is t?...
