insist that tw? s? unds as diff? r? nt as/h/and// ar? unlik? ly t? b? variants? f th? sam? ph? n? m? ,? v? n if this c? ntrast cann? t b? sh? wn thr? ugh minimal pairs; s? unds hav? t? b? similar t? b? l? ng t? th? sam? ph? n? m?. This s? Luti? N d? ? s n? t w? rk f? r languag? s that hav? a larg? rang? ? f all? ph? n? s f? r s? m? ph? n? m? s. Kabardian, a languag? sp? k? n in th? N? Rth-W? st Caucasus, has a singl? high v? w? l that has six variants running all th? way fr? m fr? nt [i] t? back [u]. Tamil has a singl? pl? siv? c? ns? nant that may b? sp? k? n as [p], [t],? r [k], and furth? rm? r? is v? ic? d b? f? r? final v? w? ls; if this w? r? tru? ? f? nglish, P? ? , T? ? , C? ? and g ?, w? uld all b? th? sam? w? rd. ? nly th? s? und syst? m? f a languag? can d? cid? wh? th? r tw? s? unds b? l? ng t? th? sam? ph? n? m? ? r n? t.pairs in fact b? cam? a fav? urit? t ?? l f? r t? aching? nglish t? f? r? ign? rs. ? n? t? xtb ?? k was call? d Ship? r Sh ?? p ?; its s? qu? l was Tr ?? ? r Thr ?? ? ? x? rcis? s in s? m? b ?? ks t? st th? stud? nts? n wh? th? r th? t? ach? r has said/i: /? r//, b? an? r bin,? r/g /? r/k /, g ?? d? r c? uld. My fav? Urit? t? sts th? diff? r? nc? b? tw ?? n It s nic? , It s ric? , And It s lic? ; it is hard t? imagin? a r? al w? rld situati? n wh? r? th? s? s? nt? nc? s ar? ? qually p? ssibl?.? m? tim? s th? t? aching mat? rials put th? minimal pair in a s? nt? nc? which th? stud? nt is ask? d t? r? p? at: J? an lik? s gin but gin d? ? sn t lik? J? an. ? r l? ng? r str? tch? s? f sp ?? ch ar? us? d that hav? lib? ral? xampl? s? f a s? und: D? n t y? u kn? w R? v? r s g? t n? b? n? ? What, n? b? n? f? r R? v? r? R? V? r w? n t stay at h? m? unl? ss R? v? r s g? t a b? n?. J? ? , G? t? J? N? s ... and s? ? n f? r an? th? r? ight ?? n m? m? rabl? lin? s. Th? fallacy in using minimal pairs f? r t? aching is that th? y ar? a linguist s t? chniqu? f? r? stablishing th? ph? n? m? s? f a n? w languag? , N? T th? natural m? ans thr? ugh which childr? n l? arn th? ir m? th? r t? ngu? ? r adults a s? c? nd languag?.? w? v? r, paying t ?? much att? nti? n t? th? ph? n? m? mak? s sp ?? ch s ?? m a s? qu? nc? ? f s? parat? s? unds rath? r than th? c? ntinu? us pr? c? ss it is. ? n? s? luti? n is t? br? ak th? ph? n? m? up int? small? r? l? m? nts call? d distinctiv? f? atur? s. Inst? ad? f? ach s? und b? ing an? ntity? f its? wn, it is s ?? n as a bundl? ? f? l? m? nts, ??rath? r lik? a m? l? cul? mad? up? f diff? r? nt at? ms. ? ach diff? r? nc? b? tw ?? n? n? s? und and an? th? r is r? duc? d t? a y? s/n ?, +? r -, ch? ic? , Call? d a distinctiv? f? atur?. Th? s? tw? -way ch? ic? s hav? alr? ady b ?? n slipp? d int? this chapt? r s? v? ral tim? s. V? Ic? d v? rsus v? ic? l? ss s? unds f? r? xampl? w? r? giv? n as + v? ic? and - v? ic?. Th? s? und/b /? f rib is + v? ic? , Th?/p /? f rip is - v? ic?. V? W? ls ar? sp? cifi? d as + v? ic? by d? finiti? n alm? st aut? matically. ? th? r distinctiv? f? atur? s that hav? b ?? n us? d ar? ± high and ± back. Th? ? nglish/i:/v? w? l? f s ?? is + high - back, th?// S? Und? F f? G is - high + back, and s? ? n f? r all th? ? th? r v? w? ls. And th? ± t? ns? f? atur? distinguish? s r? lax? d + t? ns? s? unds lik?/t/(tart) fr? m - t? ns? s? unds lik?/d/(dart). Distinctiv? f? atur? s ar? a binary c? d? , Lik? that us? d? n c? mput? rs? r CDs, which can captur? all p? ssibl? s? unds? f sp ?? ch [53, 280c.]. ? rnativ? s t? sp ?? ch s? unds Sp? k? n s? unds ar? ? nly? n? ? f th? m? ans thr? ugh which languag? can b? ? xpr? ss? d. Th? r? ar? f? rms? f languag? that d? n? t inv? lv? s? unds pr? duc? d by th? v? cal? rgans. Th? m? st? bvi? us is writt? n languag? , Wh? th? r using an alphab? t bas? d? n s? unds? r a charact? r syst? m bas? d? n m? anings, as s ?? n in Chapt? r Fiv?. In Zair? , H? W? v? r, th? r? ar? drum languag? s in which th? s? unds ar? c? nv? y? d? n a w ?? d? n drum call? d a b? ungu tun? d t? giv? tw? n? t? s, L? w (mal?) and High (f? mal?), wh? n hit? n diff? r? nt sid? s. Any w? Rd can b? c? nv? rt? d int? a s? qu? nc? ? f High and L? w n? t? s, rath? r lik? th? L? Ng and Sh? Rt? F M? Rs? C? D? , And br? Adcast f? R up t? s? v? n mil? s? n a still night. Thus in K? l? a w? rd such as sang? (fath? r) is a s? qu? nc? ? f tw? High n? T? s HH; nyang? (m? th? r) is a L? w f? ll? w? d by a High LH; and wana (child) is a L? w f? ll? w? d by a High. T? arriv? at th? drum? xpr? ssi? n f? r? rphan m? ans adding s? m? grammatical w? rds:
? nglish: child has ...
