halv? , Alms, f? Lk, H? Lb? Rn ...
- Final [n] falls pr? c? ding [m]: c? nd? mn. And s? M? tim? s in pr? c? d? nc? ? f [l]: miln gt; mill.
- [t] b? gan t? fall in th? gr? ups [stl], [stm], [stn]: Castl? , Christmas, list? n ...
S? unds and ph? n? m? s
Th? vagu? w? rd s? und has b ?? n us? d up t? this p? int t? talk ab? ut sp ?? ch. But th? r? ar? diff? r? nt l? v? ls? f sp ?? ch s? und. ? n? l? v? l is th? actual d? scripti? n? f th? s? unds th? ms? lv? s as sh ?? r s? und, studi? d in th? branch? f linguistics call? d ph? n? tics. Th? n? xt l? v? l is th? s? und syst? m? f a particular languag?. ? nglish? r Fr? nch? r Japan? s? us? a small s? l? cti? n? f th? s? unds p? ssibl? in human languag? s, th? subj? ct matt? r? f ph? n? l? gy. Th? pr? s? nt s? cti? n th? n l ?? ks at this n? xt l? v? l, nam? ly h? w particular languag? s us? s? unds within th? ir? wn ph? n? l? gical syst? ms.d? ? s it m? an t? say? nglish has 44 s? unds? Th? r? ar? s? v? ral distinct ways? f pr? n? uncing/p/in? nglish-aft? r/s/as in spy, b? f? r? a v? w? l as in pat, and at th? ? nd? f a w? rd as in sap, th? s? und that pr? c? d? s? r f? ll? ws it influ? ncing th? V? T. H? W can th? s? unds? f a languag? b? c? unt? d wh? n any s? und can hav? all th? s? variati? ns? ? s? luti? n is a s? c? nd l? v? l? f s? unds, call? d ph? n? m? s. Th? s? ar? th? s? unds that th? nativ? sp? ak? rs? f a particular languag? us? t? distinguish diff? r? nt w? rds, that is t? say ar? part? f its ph? n? l? gical syst? m. If sp? ak? rs? f? nglish h? ar s? m? ? n? say/pi: k/(p? ak) and/bi: k/(b? ak), th? y r? c? gnis? that/p/is n? t/b /; in? th? r w? rds th? y h? ar tw? diff? r? nt w? rds with diff? r? nt m? anings, p? ak and b? ak. Wh? n th? y h? ar th?/p/s? unds in pit, spit, split, and st? p, h? w? v? r, th? y still r? c? gnis? th? s? und as a/p/d? spit? th? diff? r? nc? s [51, 214c.]. ? s? unds/p/and/b/ar? th? r? f? r? ph? n? m? s? f? nglish b? caus? th? y p? t? ntially distinguish w? rds such as p? ak and b? ak. Th? distincti? n b? tw ?? n th? sh ?? r s? unds? f sp ?? ch and th? ph? n? m? s? f a particular languag? is? ft? n sh? wn in ph? n? tic transcript by? ncl? sing sh ?? r s? unds in squar? brack? ts [it] and th? ph? n? m? s? f a particular languag? in slanting brack? ts /it/.has tw? w? rds/phik/and/pi: k /,? n? with,? n? with? ut th? f? ll? wing puff? f air, symb? lis? d by h raquo ;. That is t? say, Hindi has tw?/p/s? unds,? n? with 0 V? T,? N? with + V? T; b? th? f th? m ar? distinct ph? n? m? s. Th? sam? diff? r? nc? ? ccurs in? nglish in th? [p]? f spit and th? [ph]? f pit but it is h? ard by? nglish sp? ak? rs as tw? variants? f? n? ph? n? m?/p /. Th? t? chnical t? rm f? r th? diff? r? nt ways in which a ph? n? m? can b? pr? n? unc? d is all? ph? n?. A particular languag? may us? a s? und diff? r? nc? t? distinguish tw? ph? n? m? s,? r may ign? r? it and tr? at th? m as th? sam? ph? n? m?./ph/and/p/ar? tw? ph? n? m? s in Hindi, tw? all? ph? n? s? f? n? ph? n? m? in? nglish. Ind ?? d Hindi has an aspirat? d c? unt? rpart t? add t? th? ? nglish pair at? ach? f th? p? siti? ns f? r pl? siv? s,/ph// th// kh/as w? ll as/p// t// k /, and/b// d// g /. ? nglish p? ? pl? may b? abl? t? t? ll th? diff? r? nc? b? tw ?? n/ph/and/p/but th? diff? r? nc? d? ? s n? t matt? r t? th? ? nglish s? und syst? m sinc? it n? v? r in its? lf marks th? s? l? diff? r? nc? b? tw ?? n tw? w? rds.furth? r? xampl? is th? ? nglish lat? ral/l/in l? ap. ? n? typ? ? f? nglish/l /, call? d cl? ar [l], is th? syllabl?-initial pr? nunciati? n in l? ap. A s? c? nd typ? , Call? d dark [l] and transcrib? d as [l? ], Is th? syllabl?-final pr? nunciati? n in p? al. Syllabl?-initial cl? ar [l] s? unds lik? a fr? nt v? w? l b? caus? , Apart fr? M th? tip? f th? t? ngu? t? uching th? t ?? th ridg? , Th? t? ngu? has th? c? nfigurati? n? f a fr? nt v? w? l with th? fr? nt part rais? d. Syllabl?-final dark [l? ] S? Unds lik? a back v? w? l b? caus? th? t? ngu? has th? c? nfigurati? n? f a back v? w? l with th? back? f th? t? ngu? rais? d. A charact? ristic? f Irish? nglish is th? lack? f diff? r? nc? b? tw ?? n cl? ar and dark /l/s.British p? ? pl? n? wadays hav? y? t a third vari? ty? f/l /, nam? ly a back v? w? l similar t? th? initial s? und/w /? f w? man, and lacking th? t? ngu? c? ntact with th? r ?? f? f th? m? uth typical? f/l /. Th? c? m? dian Micha? l Barrym? r? has a catchphras? Awright /?:wai?/. In my? Wn sp ?? ch full is pr? n? unc? d cl? s? r t?/fuw/t...
