stinguished by a shared social agreement. Post-structuralism thus clarifies the function of choice in human action. It asserts that the author of a classic literary novel loses authority and centrality to the equally valid perspectives of the reader. As such, the novel is no longer a self-contained, predestined narrative constructed by a god-like author, but rather is a multidimensional production in which the reader plays the critically active role in determining meaning [7]. Structuralism serves as a way to identify the ethical and cultural choices that we make when we move from uncertainty to certainty in our efforts to understand and shape our world.structuralism is importantly different from postmodernism, although the two are often considered one and the same by the general subject. Although there are certain areas of overlap, thinkers from one school almost never identify themselves with the other school of thought. Postmodernism importantly seeks to identify a contemporary state of the world, the period that is following the modernist period. Postmodernism seeks to identify a certain juncture, and to work within the new period. Post-structuralism, on the other hand, can be seen as a more explicitly critical view, aiming to deconstruct ideas of essentialism in various disciplines to allow for a more accurate discourse [14]. The post-structuralist approach to textual analysis, the reader replaces the author as the primary subject of inquiry and, without a central fixation on the author, post-structuralists examine other sources for meaning (readers, cultural norms, other literature, etc.), which are therefore never authoritative, and promise no consistency . A reader's culture and society, then, share at least an equal part in the interpretation of a piece to the cultural and social circumstances of the author.of the key assumptions underlying post-structuralism include [13]:
. The concept of self as a singular and coherent entity is a fictional construct, and an individual rather comprises conflicting tensions and knowledge claims (eg gender, class, profession, etc). The interpretation of meaning of a text is therefore dependent on a reader's own personal concept of self.
2. An author's intended meaning (although the author's own identity as a stable self with a single, discernible intent is also a fictional construct) is secondary to the meaning that the reader perceives, and a literary text (or, indeed, any situation where a subject perceives a sign) has no single purpose, meaning or existence.
. It is necessary to utilize a variety of perspectives to create a multi-faceted interpretation of a text, even if these interpretations conflict with one another.
.3 Theoretical differences between structuralism and post-structuralism
The development of structuralism and post-structuralism in France in the 1950s and 1960s and rap id global transmission of books and ideas contributed to the development of an interdisciplinary mode of theory that became prevalent in the humanities. Structuralism is often associated with the French anthropologist Claude LГ©vi-Strauss, whose studies of myth, culture, and language discerned a binary structure in myth, for example, between nature and culture or the raw and the cooked. For LГ©vi-Strauss, culture was articulated into systems that could be described with the precision and force of a science.tructuralism spread through the human sciences in the 1960s and 1970s, moving from LГ©vi-Strauss's anthropology and study of myth, to structuralist theories of language (often combined with semiotics), to structuralist Marxism that produced structuralist ac counts of the capitalist economy (Louis Althusser) and state (Nicos Poulantzas). human sciences were conceptualized by structuralists as self-contained systems with their own grammar, rules, and structuring binary oppositions. Texts were seen as structured networks of signs determined not by what they referred to so much as through their differential relation to other signs. Structuralism understood that the world was formed in the system of objects known to a culture, and that this world of objects corresponded to the social relations with which a people made their living in the world. Thus, structuralism introduced a kind of valid relativism - the world is formed by a culture, and the truth of the subject-object relation is given in the practical life of that culture [7].
