origin were borrowed through Latin (as a source language), eg devil, church, school.of the first and second strata came through oral speech, that is why they are well assimilated.
. The third stratum of Latin borrowings dates back to the period of the 15th-16th centuries - the epoch of Renaissance. In this period Latin scientific, philosophical terms were borrowed from books. That is why they did not assimilate easily - up to now they have preserved their Latin grammatical forms: stratum (pl.-a), phenomenon (pl.-a), basis (pl.-ses). borrowings brought new features into the structure of English words:
disyllabic and polysyllabic stems;
prefixes ending in consonants; as a consequence, double consonants (-bb-, - rr-, - ll-, - mm-, - ss-, - tt-, - cc- , - ff-, etc.) make a characteristic feature of Latin borrowings, eg abbreviate, irregular, illegal.
Words of Greek origin having the Latin source possess the following characteristic features:
y pronounced as [I]: synonym, symphony;
ph pronounced as [f]: physics;
ch pronounced as [k]: chemistry;
th pronounced as [T]: sympathy.
Greek and Latin morphemes gave new terms, eg telephone, television (Gk. tele В«далекоВ»).
The new type of words -
hybrids - appeared in the English language, ie words formed by etymologically different morphemes. For example, subway has two morphemes: L. sub - and E. - Way.
b) Scandinavian Borrowings.
Scandinavian invasion lasted from the VIIIth till the XIth centuries. Scandinavian words were easily adopted by English as both English and Scandinavian were Germanic languages ​​and there was some similarity in their vocabulary.characteristic feature of Scandinavian borrowings is initial sk -: skin, sky, skate, skirt, etc. (While OE sc - changed into sh-: scip > ship).
c) French Borrowings.
There are two main periods of French borrowings.
. The first period dates back to the Norman Conquest (XII-XIV centuries). In this period French words were borrowed from the Norman (Northern) dialect. The upper classes of English society spoke French while the common people spoke English. At this time words of everyday life were borrowed, eg table, chair, face. Words of everyday life were assimilated easily.in society two languages ​​were spoken there appeared the so-called В«double vocabularyВ», ie stylistic synonyms. Compare the synonyms in the passage from W. Shakespeare s play В«As You Like ItВ»: Therefore you, clown, abandon, - which is in the vulgar, leave, - the society, - which in the boorish is, company, - of this female, - which in the common is woman; which together is, abandon the society of this female, or, clown, thou perishest, or to thy better understanding, diest ... (СР переклад: Тому ти, селюк, покинь, що, кажучи низьким стилем, значить - залиш суспільство, що, кажучи мужицьким стилем, значить - компанію цієї особи жіночої статі, що, говорячи звичайним стилем, значить - жінки, а разом узяте свідчить: покинь суспільство цієї особи жіночої статі, інакше, йолоп, ти загинеш, або, щоб висловитися зрозуміліше для тебе, помреш./Пер. Щепкиной - Куперник/
. The second period dates back to the epoch after the 17th century when words were borrowed from the Central Paris dialect, eg justice, officer, soldier, court-martial.borrowings characterised by polysyllabic structure introduced new features into the English vocabulary:
. Phonetic stress on the last syllable: police;
. French sounds: [Z] (in garage, etc.), [WR] (in bourgeois, etc.); p align="justify">. French prefixes and suffixes and the new structural type: polysyllabic derived words (derivatives). p align="justify">. Hybrids, i.e. derived words built after the pattern: native stem + French prefix/suffix, eg renew, eatable, readable;
. Double vocabulary, i.e. pairs of stylistic synonyms. In each pair the neutral stylistic synonym is native, the bookish stylistic synonym is a French borrowing: - informask - inquire bookish-marriagestudent addressing a student would say, В«I must tell you we ll have a...
