n exam in Lexicology this semester В». The Dean would say to students: I m going to inform you that you will have an examination in Lexicology this semester В».
Influence of Russian on the English vocabulary.
The English language borrowed from Russian many words denoting purely Russian realities, eg matryoshka (matryoshka doll), vodka, Astrakhan, borsch, etc.are other types of borrowings: translation loans (В«калькиВ»), semantic loans (В«семантичні запозиченняВ»). loan is a borrowing in which each morpheme or word is translated - it is a morpheme-for-morpheme (or word-for-word) translation. Many Russian words and phrases were borrowed in the form of translation loans, eg self-criticism < В«самокритикаВ»; collective farm < < span align = "justify"> В«колгоспВ»; Park of Culture and Rest < В«Парк культури та відпочинкуВ». There are many other translation loans from Russian: candidate of science, doctor of science, State examinations, etc.loan is a meaning (not a word ! ) borrowed. The unit white night has two meanings: 1. В«Безсонна нічВ», 2. В«Біла нічВ». The second meaning was borrowed from Russian.ideas can be borrowed and expressed by way of description:
щі - cabbage soup
борщ - beet and cabbage soup
матрьошка - nesting doll
вушанка - fur hat with earflaps that can be tied under the chin
купейний вагон - carriage divided into compartments having doors
плацкартний вагон - carriage divided into compartments having no doors, etc.
Borrowings from other languages.
Borrowings from other languages ​​also came in various forms. For example waltz, dollar are German borrowings (dollar < G. Taler); caftan is a Turkish borrowing; chimpanzee was borrowed from African languages ​​( It was originally a native name in Angola). There are translation loans from other languages: mother tongue < L. lingua materna; swan song < G. Schwannen Gesang, etc.
. Assimilation of Borrowings
tend to assimilate in order to follow the morphological and phonetical laws of the English language. Three are three main degrees of assimilation. p align="justify">. Complete assimilation. The earliest (oral) borrowings are completely assimilated, ie they are assimilated phonetically, graphically, grammatically and semantically (face, street, etc.). borrowings that came in the later periods through written speech are assimilated partially or are not assimilated at all.
. Partial assimilation. There are a few types of partly assimilated borrowed words:
borrowed words not assimilated semantically: CIS, KGB, glasnost, etc.;
2) borrowed words not assimilated grammatically: crisis (crises), basis (bases), stratum (strata), etc.;
) borrowed words not assimilated phonetically have a stress pattern different from that of native English words, eg supreme, finance, police have a stress on the last syllable unlike native English words; words not assimilated phonetically have sounds or sound combinations that are not typical of the English phonetical system, eg [Z] in bourgeois, spionage, rouge, reportage, etc. p align="justify">) borrowed words not assimilated graphically: Fr. repertoire, conservatoire [wR], bourgeois [uq], trait (the final consonant is not pronounced), ballet (-e - pronounced as [ei]), restaurant [oN], R. borsch, Sc. geyser [ai], G. Swastika [O]. p align="justify">. The third degree of assimilation is represented by barbarisms, ie borrowings which are not assimilated at all. Barbarisms of Russian origin can be easily recognized in the following contexts: went to banya. I live in obshchezhitiye. I bought it in the univermag.opened the fortochka, a small window. Even babushkas watch the programme.eat tvorog, okroshka, pelmeni. br/>
. Etymological doublets
doublets are two or more words going back to the same word in the origin language. For example wine and vine go back to one original word in their father language: L. vinum, but they differ in form and in meaning as they came into English at different time. Vine is a later borrowing, that i...
