for example, open collar workers (people who work at home or telecommute).
) Neologisms can be classified according to their coinage processes. New words and expressions coming from old words and expressions but with new meanings. For example, killer (adj, very cool, powerful). New created words and expressions which are invented to describe new ideas and things, for example, internet , I-way (short form of information superhighway), and 411 (the latest information of gossip). Borrowed words and expressions, for example, masterpiece , Mao-tai , and haman .
) Neologism can be classified according to their formation. Neologisms in form, including the following structures: derivations (with prefixes and suffixes); compounds; phrases; shortenings (using initialisms, acronyms, clippings). For example, Pekingology , educationese and hard science . Semantic neologisms, including three types of processes: broadening or narrowing or change the meaning of the base form. For example, feedback , window , fallout . Borrowed neologisms, which are true borrowings and loan translations. For example, masterpiece , perestroika .
) Neologisms can be classified according to their sources, that is, according to where they come from. Scientific words or phrases created to describe new scientific discoveries or inventions, for example: Bluetooth , Broadband network , IW , Melatonin , Cyberstalking .
1.3The ways of formation of neologisms
is interesting to discuss how new words are formed. In any language, people express a new idea, describe a new process, and market a new product through three ways. A single way or a combination of any of these ways can produce large number of polysemous words. In general, there are three main methods of new word creation:
) By adding new meaning to existing words. Additional meanings are appended to the existing words. Many of the new words added to the ever-growing lexicon of the English language are just created from scratch, and often have little or no etymological pedigree. A good example is the word dog, etymologically unrelated to any other known word, which, in the late Middle Ages, suddenly and mysteriously displaced the Old English word hound (or hund) which had served for centuries. Some of the commonest words in the language arrived in a similarly inexplicable way (eg jaw, askance, tantrum, conundrum, bad, big, donkey, kick, slum, log, dodge, fuss, prod, hunch, freak, bludgeon, slang, puzzle, surf, pour, slouch, bash, etc). Words like gadget, blimp, raunchy, scam, nifty, zit, clobber, gimmick, jazz and googol have all appeared in the last century or two with no apparent etymology, and are more recent examples of this kind of novel creation of words. Additionally, some words that have existed for centuries in regional dialects or as rarely used terms, suddenly enter into popular use for little or no apparent reason (eg scrounge and seep, both old but obscure English words, suddenly came into general use in the early 20th Century). Sometimes, if infrequently, a "nonce word" (created "for the nonce", and not expected to be re-used or generalized) does become incorporated into the language. One example is James Joyce's invention quark, which was later adopted by the physicist Murray Gell-Mann to name a new class of sub-atomic particle, and another is blurb, which dates back to 1907. p align="justify"> Аnother well - known examples: English: footprint - an impact on our planet; Russian: мило ("an email" - the new IT-slang...
