assive action performed upon a thing (simple pred) 2) expresses physical psychic state (comp nom predict). Criteria . PV if: 'by-phrase'; adv modif of time, manner, place; perf or cont aspect; + another V in active. PV used in E more frequently, convenient not to mention the doer, or to underline him (... by the wind). In add to PV & AV- Reflexive V. Opponents-RV used after trans v should be treated as direct obj (She washed herself and a child). Supporters in favor-peculiar gram m shows that the action is concentrated un the doer (I wash myself), в рус В«-сяВ». A paradigm a set of forms united by 1 gram m of the RV (V + myself, himself ...). a can accept the idea of ​​3 voices in E. br/>
Rise of the National Eng lang . MidE period-variation of lang forms on all the levels: pronun, morph, syn and voc. Changes in the social life of the country a develop of Eng capitalist relations, consolidation of isolated areasaneed for national lang, intelligible. Dialects couldn't perform taska urgent problem. On the base of Lon D, its leading role-polit role & geograph position of London , on the boarder line b/w Midland & Southern dialects. 14c. - Midland d prevailing in the LD, LD influential in north parts. In OE-West-Sax d-the leading, MidE-LD leading, repres-ed by writings-proclamation of Henry I. Long development, from 14c. 15c-remarkable, book printing (1438), graph innovation (Fr origin). 16c-spreading of LD, 2 spheres where Latin-church, science. Henry8 quarreled with Pope, to replace Latin by Eng, religious uprisings, a relig texts transl into Engl. Science still used Latin in 16c. Renaissance. Movements of purists-against cluttering up of Eng & Latin. End 16c-Engl penetr into science. Some Latin wrds survived. Engl penetr into social life, national lang, intelligible. 17-18cc-development, Eng Bourgeois Rev, Civil war (puritan victory, proclaim of commonwealth). Rise of ling disciplines . Early gr-in 16c, 17c-Johnson, Wallis, 18 - Brightland. Infuence of Latin gr-rules of correctness. Mid 18 - normative (prescriptive) gr, 2 tasks-- to clear the lang of all irregular, to fix the lang in this state (impracticable). The rules of correctness regulated according to the rules of reason. But often disguised Latin passed the laws of reason again. Orthoepy - the problem of pronunciation. In the 17с-treated by Butler and Cooper, in the 18c- Jones & Walker. Another branch of ling-cs- lexicography , task-to fix the voc of the lang in dictionaries. Earliest dict-s - bilingual-Lat-Eng, Fr-Eng. Soon-of difficult words-loans, archaic wrds, slang. 18c - first monoling dictionary (meaning). B.Johnson edited his work (+ illustrations of w-usage). During the 17c-a # of disciplines-gr, orthoepy, lexicography. 18c-normalization (gram forms abused-lesser). The voc enriched by loans-Roman, Scandin, Norman. Not typical Germ lang, but Romanp-Germ. /Td>
GVS. problems concerning its periodization, causes & directions. 1 Periodizatio n . - disputable chron frame. Martinet & Trnka- 12-13cc when the lengths of vowels lost their phonemic value & began to be positionally conditioned. But no proofs of this assumption. Wyld analyzed writings of 14,15,16 c of low-educated ppl, close to phonetic spelling. a GVS 14-16c. Rastorguev a (convincing) -14-18, some spelling changes indicated the beginning. 2 Reasons - suppositions. Horn & Lehnert- caused by a peculiar way of pronun-n of vowels. Pronun in a high tone contributed to its narrower articulation. Tried to prove-referred to similar phonetic facts of the ModE. But 4 long vowels during the GVS broke into the dipht-s (unanalyzed). Plotki n - connected the results of the GVS 1) with the loss of the phonemic character of length of vowels and, 2) with the development of a great # of monosyl wrds in MidE which appeared after the loss of the final unstressed vowels. a appeared pairs of wrds differed only in the length of the root vowel: rod/o/- rod/open o :/. The same spelling a to overcome such ambiguous cases, the lang began to develop a new kind of opposition, not b/w long & short monopht-s, but b/wa short monopht & dipht. 3.Direction - which vowels first involved-narrowest, widest? 2 theories- push-chain ' (started with the widest a:, open o:,?:. Every step of their narrowing pushed the neighboring vowel to a higher position in order to avoid coincidence. Vowels i :, u: (had nothing to narrow into) developed into the dipht-s ai, au.) and ' drag-chain' (with the 2 narrowest vowels whic...
