Gray s Inn [V, p.231] .definite moment can be understood from the situation.Squire had laid down his knife and fork, and was staring at his son in amazement [VIII, p.134] .definite moment need not necessarily be expressed in the same sentence as the action expressed by the Past Perfect.noticed how sad she was the whole evening. She had got an unpleasant letter [XVI, p.87] .Past Perfect is used with the conjunctions hardly ... when, scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than.had no sooner arrived at this point that a most violent and starting knocking was heard [VI, p.52] .had scarcely settled herself on a little heap of straw in the corner when she fell asleep [III, p.175] .the sake of emphasis the word order may be inverted.sooner had she laid herself down than she heard the prolonged trill of the front-door bell [I, p.93] .Past Perfect is frequently used with the adverbs just, already, yet., who had not yet assumed the white cap, was sweeping the stairs [I , p.108].
. Sometimes the Past Perfect does not denote priority but only the completion of the action.waited until she had found the latch-key and opened the door [I, p.131] .Squire was purple with anger before his son had done speaking [VIII , p.61] .Past Perfect is rendered in Russian by the past perfective.this time Cowperwood had written Aileen under no circumstances to try to see him [XIV, p.62].- До цього часу Каупервуд написав Ейлін, щоб вона ні в якому разі не намагалася з ним зустрітися.
. The Past Perfect is used to denote an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. This use is called the Past Perfect Inclusive. The starting point or the whole period of duration of the action is indicated. To indicate the starting point the preposition since is used, to indicate the whole period of duration for is used.Past Perfect Inclusive is used :) with verbs not admitting of the Continuous form.convinced him that the deacon was dead - had been dead for some time [VIII, p.232].) in negative sentences [12, p.44-45] .two had not spoken to each other for three days and were in a state of rage [I, p.114].) with non-terminative verbs such as to work, to live, to study, to teach, to travel, to last etc. [12, р.44-45] .ride had lasted about ten minutes, when the truck suddenly swerved to a halt [XII, p.63] .Past Perfect Inclusive is general rendered in Russian by the past perfective. He had not written a line since he arrived.- Він не написав ні рядка з тих пір, як приїхав [12, p.124] .Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect.
. The Past Perfect is not used to denote a succession of actions. In this case the Past Indefinite is used.Past Indefinite is used with the conjunctions after, before, when if the relation between the action approaches succession, when the idea of ??completion is of no importance.went on with his work after he had a short rest.had a short rest before he went on with his work.I wrote the letter, I posted it [12, p.124].
. Verbs of motion and sense perception such as to come, to arrive, to return, to see, to hear, in adverbial clauses of time are generally used in the Past Indefinite and not in the Past Perfect. The actions are practically simultaneous.he (Val) came down ... he found his mother scrupulous in a low evening dress ... [X, p.103] .he heard the first line of the poem, he recognized it at once [11, p.42] .the completion of the action is emphasized the Past Perfect is used.knew the poem by heart when he had heard it several time [11, p.42].
. 4 The Future Perfect
formation of the Future Perfect.
. The Future Perfect is formed by means of the Future Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb.
. In the interrogative form of the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the first verb.shall/will have worked. Shall/will I have worked? I shall/will not have worked [12, p.125].
. The contracted affirmative forms are: ll have worked. He ll have worked [12, p.125] .contracted negative forms are: shan t have worked. He won t have worked [12, p.125].
. The negative- interrogative forms are: he not have works? Won t he have worked? We not have worked? Shan t we have worked? [12, p.125] .use of the Future Perfect.
. The Future Perfect denotes an action completed before a definite moment in the future.shall be back by six, and I hope you will have had a good sleep by that time [VII, p.68]. (pict.4.)
.4.
. The Future Perfect can denote an action which will begin before a defini...
