cify a reading goal. One minimal goal is to ask the learner to find particular grammatical constructions or to identify words that relate to particular features or topics of the reading. But such goals are always only partial. For example, a text also reveals a lot about the readers for which it is written and a lot about subject matter that foreign language learners may or may not know or anticipate.Holistic Approach to Reading
The curriculum described here is called a holistic curriculum, following Miller (1996). Holistic education is concerned with connections in human experience-connections between mind and body, between linear thinking and intuitive ways of knowing, between academic disciplines, between the individual and the community.holistic curriculum emphasizes how the parts of a whole relate to each other to form the whole. From this perspective, reading relates to speaking, writing, listening comprehension, and culture.
Chapter 2. Analysis of the data received
.1 Readability
Teachers should assess whether the texts they assign are appropriately readable for their students. But how to measure readability? In the holistic approach advocated here, readability is not a static property of a given text. Instead, readability is determined by three characteristics: the suitability of the text for the readers « background, their language, and the instructor »s curricular goals.general, a text is more readable when:
· it presents concrete issues rather than abstract ones
· it provides the «who,» «What,» «Where,» and «when» familiar to the reader
· it is age-appropriate
· it is in a genre familiar to the reader
· it is acceptable to the reader's cultural background
· it is longer, with context clues, or it is a short text on a familiar topicof Expectation, the readability of a text can be enhanced if a missing piece of background knowledge about the text «s culture is provided. The reader needs to know about contextual elements that most authentic texts assume their readership knows. Sometimes the missing element is a historical or social fact, sometimes it can be a fact that looks like a social stereotype.concept «horizons of expectation» is attributed to Hans Robert Jauss, who used the term when illustrating ways in which textual features reflect a broad consensus about a given genre »s style, content, and organizational structures; and to argue that these features suggest assumptions shared among a group of readers. When the literatures and cultures of the foreign languages ??studied reflect horizons of expectation with which the language learner is unfamiliar, misreadings often result., Readability and reading goals need to be set vis-а-vis the reader, not as a property of the text in its own right. And through reading an accessible authentic text, the reader is also likely to confront the stereotypes about a culture as well as those held
by that culture. By learning to recognize ways authentic media reflect particular viewpoints, readers begin to engage in the practice of multi-literacies-explorations of self and other.
1. Reader recognition in pre-reading of a FL asks ...
