three main layers: the literary layer , the neutral layer and the colloq layer . The literary voc consists of the following groups: 1. common literary (in writ, polished sp); 2. terms and learned words; 3. poetic words; 4. archaic words; 5. barbarisms and foreign words; 6. literary coinages including nonce-words. The colloquia l voc : 1. com-mon "colloquial words; 2. slang; 3. jargonisms; 4. professional words; 5. dialectal words; 6. vulgar words; 7. colloq coinages. The common literary, neutral, common colloq wrds = standard Engl. voc. Neutral words , form the bulk of the Engl voc, are used in both literary and colloq lang., source of synonymy and polysemy. Cannot be considered as having a special stylistic colouring. Common literary words are mainly used in writing and in polished speech. A term is generally very easily coined and easily accepted. Feature of a term is its direct relevance to the set of terms used in a particular science, directly connected with the concept it denotes. Belong to the style of lang of science. Also-in newspaper style, in publicistic and other. If used in the belles-lettres style-become a SD, is used in such a way that 2 meanings are materialized simultaneously. Function of terms is either to indicate the technical peculiarities of the subject dealt with, or to make some reference to the occupation of a character whose lang would naturally contain special words and expressions. Many words lost their quality as terms a passed into the common literary voc, process of "de-terminization". (Ex 'radio', 'television'). Poetic - are mostly archaic or very rarely used highly literary words, aim at producing an elevated effect, don't easily yield to polysemy. Used to evoke emotive meanings. Through constant repetition gradually becomes hackneyed, fail to evoke an aesthetic effect. Poetic wrds are not freely built.The commonest means is by compounding (ex: young-eyed) . Can be understandable only to a limited number of readers. Archaisms. . Words change their meaning and sometimes drop out of the lang, disappear leaving no trace of their existence . Come across A., 3 stages in the aging process of wrds: 1 obsolescent - w becomes rarely used, gradually passing out of general use, morph forms belong to this category (pronouns thou and its forms thee , thy and thine, fr loans - garniture> furniture). 2 obsolete - have already gone completely out of use but are still recognized (methinks (= it seems to me). 3 archaic proper-no longer recognizable in ModE, were in use in OE. The boarder lines-not distinct. Historical w - notions of some obj of bygone period, remain as terms, have no syn, while archaic have. Archaic used in the creation of a realistic background to historical novels.Function of A in official doc-s is terminological in character. A create elevated effect. Barbarisms - words of foreign origin which have not entirely been assimilated into Engl. Most of them have corresponding English synonyms (chic = stylish). Distinguish B & foreign w. B became fact of the Eng lang, foreign don't belong, not registered in Eng dictionaries. In printed works-foreign are italicized to show alien nature. Aims of B & foreign-to supply local colour, to build up a SD of the speech. Often used in the belles-lettres and the publicistic style. B is a Sd if it displays interaction b w dif meanings. Lit coinages (+ Nonce-w ). = neologisms. Every period in the development of a language produces an enormous number of new words or new meanings of established words. the need to designate new concepts. Terminological coinages. Styl coinages-when creators seek expressive utte-rance. Appear in the publicistic style-newspaper headlines. Many coinages disappear, others leave traces in the voc because they are fixed in the literature of their time. Most of the literary-bookish coinages are built by means of affix-ation ('gangdom') and word compounding. Also conversion, derivation and change of meaning, used to coin new terms in which new mean-ings are imposed on old words. The blending of two words into one-cinemactress (cinema + actress), smog-(smoke + fog). Nonce-word , ie a word coined to suit one particular occasion. Used to designate evaluation of a thing, but generally drop out of the lang (was wived, uncled, cousined). New wrds may be coined by means of contraction & abbrev. (TRUD = time remaining until dive). Slang (rot = nonsense, the cat's pyjamas = the correct thing). - lang of a highly colloq type considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new wrds or of current wrds used in some special sense. Any new coinage th...
