at hasn't gained recognition & hasn't yet been received into standard Engl is branded as slang. Many slang ws have now become units of standard E . (word kid (= child) - 19c low slang, now a colloq unit of the E/literary l-ge). F eature : it never grows stale, otherwise is replaced by a new slangism. It is suggested that the term 'slang' should be used for those forms of the E. voc-ry which are either mispronounced or distorted in some way phonet-ly, morph-ly or lex-ly. Slang stands above all the laws of grammar. Though it is regarded by some purists as a l-ge that stands below standard E., it is highly praised nowadays as "vivid", "more flexible", "more picturesque", "richer in vocabulary" and so on. In the non-literary voc-ry -
jargonisms . -exist in almost every l-ge and, aim is to preserve secrecy within some social group. J are generally old words with entirely new meanings imposed on them. The traditional meaning of the words is immaterial, only the new, improvised meaning is of importance. Most of the J are incomprehensible to those outside the social group which has invented them . J-ms are social in character. Not regional. Almost any social group of people has its own jargon (jargon of thieves and vagabonds, generally known as cant; the jargon of jazz people; the jargon of the army = military slang; the jargon of sportsmen). Slang, contrary to jargon, needs no translation. It is not a secret code, is easily understood but regarded as something not quite regular. J & slang differ from ordinary lang mainly in their voc (structure of the sent -s & morphology-unchanged). Smt j-ms migrate into other social groups and smt become recognized in the lit lang.
Professionalisms are the words used in a definite profession or by ppl connect-ed by common. They commonly indicate some working process. Prof-s are correlated to terms. Terms are coined to nominate new concepts that appear in the process of, and as a result of, technical progress and the development of science. Prof-s are special words in the non-literary layer of the E. voc-ry, whereas terms belong to the literary layer of words. Terms are well-known to ordinary people and enter the neutral layer of the voc-ry . Prof-s generally remain in circulation within a definite community, as they are linked to a common occupation and common social interests. Like terms, prof-s do not allow any polysemy, they are monosemantic. Prof-s should not be mixed up with jargonisms. Like slang words, prof-s do not aim at secrecy. Prof-s are used in emotive prose to depict the natural speech of a character.
Dialectal wrds - which in the process of integration of the Engl nat lan-g remained beyond its literary boundaries, and their use is gener-ally confined to a definite locality. From Scot & northern dialects. Southern d, used in liter for styl purpose. Dw are only to be found in the style of emotive prose, very rarely in other styles, function-to charac personalities through speech. Dw unlike profess-ms, are confined in their use to a definite locality.
Vulgarisms - expressions of an abusive character (damn, goddam). Used in conversation out of habit. V will never acquire the status of standard Eng voc, and will remain on the outskirts. Function is (almost the same as that of interjections) to express strong emotions, mainly annoyance, anger. Can be found only in emotive prose, in the direct speech of the char-rs.
Colloq coinages (nonce wds) - unlike those of a literary-bookish character, are spontaneous. Not all are fixed in dictionaries. Built not by affixation (like liter coinages), but based on semant change in wds (can be revealed through styl anal). One hardly notices the process leading to the appearance of a new meaning. Because they are not new words but new meanings of existing words. (Sophisticated = wisea oversubtleaadulterateda corrupted). Cause-ironic touch? Can be built with the help of aff, but few of them. Nonce-coinage appears in all spheres of life.
Prosody and Intonation. Intonation is a language universal. But intonation functions in various languages ​​in different way. 3 prosodic components of intonation, i.e. pitch, loudness and tempo. Pitch - frequency of the vibration of the vocal cords. Loudness - the amplitude of vibrations. Tempo - time during which a speech unit lasts. Each syllable of the speech chain has a special pitch colouring. Some of the syllables have significant moves of tone up and down. Each syllable bears a definite amount of loudness. Pitch movements are connected with loudness. An intonation pattern contains 1 nucleus and may contain other un stressed syllables preceding or following the nucleus. The boundaries of an intonation pattern may be marked by stops of phonation (temporal pauses). The syntag...
