eloped - from the general to the particular, - from cause to effect & vice versa. Has a topic sentence , a s. which embodies the main idea-key-sent. Inversion - SD in wh the direct word order is changed either completely so that the predicate precedes the subject (complete inversion), or partially so that the object precedes the subject-predicate pair (partial inversion). Aim at attaching addit emot coloring to the meaning of the utterance. Patterns:-obj adv modif at the beginning, predicative before the sbj. Many rearrangements. Form of emphatic constr. Detached Constr . - A placing of a secondary part in a special position some specific consideration of the writer so that it seems formally independent. Quality - the isolated parts are placed in position that makes the phrase seem independent. Remains secondary, but structurally it possesses all the features of a primary member. A variant of DC is parenthesis (qualifying explanatory phrase). Parallel Constr- SD the necessary condition of wh is identical, or similar, syntactical structure in 2 or more s-ces. Often backed up by repetition of wds (lexical) & prep-s. PC is most frequently used in enumeration, antithesis & in climax. The device always generates rhythm. Chiasmus (reversed PC) - based on the repetition of a syntactical pattern, but it has a cross order of w-ds & phrases. The word-order of one of the s-ces being inverted as compared with that of the other. Can be achieved by a sudden change from active voice to passive or vice versa. It lays stress on the 2 nd part of the utterance, which is opposite in structure. Contributes to the rhythmical quality of the utterance. Repetition is an EM used when the speaker is under the stress of strong emotion. Aims at logical emphasis, to stress the attention. Types. If the repeated word (phrase) comes at the beginning of 2 or more s-cs, clauses or phrases = anaphora . If the repeated unit is placed at the end of s-ces, clauses or phrases, = epiphora . Framing = the initial parts of a syntactic unit, in most cases of a paragraph, are repeated at the end of it. Linking or reduplication-the last word or phrase of one part of the utterance is repeated at the beginning of the next part, thus hooking the 2 parts together.oot-repetition = repet of the same idea using synonyms. Enumeration- SD by wh separate things, objects, phenomena, properties, actions are named one by one so that thy produce a chain. En can be heterogeneous as well, when words in a string result in a kind of clash Used to depict a scenery. Suspense - device which consists in arranging the matter of communication in such a way that the less important parts are placed at the beginning, the main idea is withheld till the end of the s-ce. The reader's attention is held & his interest kept up. Favoured by orators. Intonation. Climax. - an arrangement of s-ces which secures a gradual increase in significance or emot tension in the utterance. Maintained in 3 ways: logical (based on the relative importance of the component parts), emotional (produced by words with emotive m-ing) & quantitative increase in the volume of the corresponding concepts). Antithesis - a styl opposition, based on relative opposition which arises out of the context. Is found in parallel constr. ! Contrast is a literary (not a linguistic) device based on logical opposition b/w the phenomena. Asyndeton - deliberate omission of the connective where it is a generally expected . Polysyndeton- SD of connecting s-ces, or phrases, or syntagms, or words by using connectives. Utterance-more rhythmical. Unlike enum-n it causes each member to stand out conspicuously. Shows things isolated. Peculiar type of connection - Gap-sent Link (GSL ). -Connection isn't apparent, need mental effort to bridge semantic gap. GSL is generally indicated by AND or BUT. Often used in represented speech. Functions: to signal the introduction of inner repres speech; to indicate a subjective evaluation of facts; introduce an effect resulting from a cause which has already been expressed. The cases of the particular use of colloq constr a Ellipsis - omission from a construction of one or more words which are obviously understood but should b...
