ma is a group of words which is semantically and syntactically complete. Actualized syntagmas are called intonation groups. Each intonation group may consist of one or more potential syntagms. The # of intonation groups depends on the length of the phrase and the degree of semantic importance or emphasis given to various parts of it. Pitch
parameters - the distinct variations in the direction of pitch, pitch level and pitch range. Pitch changes should be viewed together with the variations of loudness (2nd component of intonation), because it's not possible to separate pitch and loudness in creating the effect of accentuation. Pitch-and-stress structure of the intonation pattern. Not all stressed syllables are of equal importance. One has the greater prominence than the others and forms the nucleus. Formally the nucleus is a strongly stressed syl which is generally the last strongly accented syl of an intonation pattern and which marks a significant change of pitch direction, that is where the pitch goes up or down.Nuclear tones-LF, HF, LR, HR , FR. Falling tone expresses "certainty", "completeness". Rising-"uncertainty", "incompleteness", polite denials, commands, invitations, greetings. Falling-rising tone consists of a fall in pitch followed by a rise. Low-Level tone is very characteristic of reading poetry. Mid-Level is common in spontaneous speech. The tone of a nucleus determines the pitch of the rest of the intonation pattern following it which is called the tail. aafter a falling tone, the rest of the intonation pattern is at a low pitch. After a rising tone-upward pitch direction. (No, Mary-Well, Mary). Other sections of the intonation pattern are the head and the pre-head which form the prenuclear part of the intonation pattern. Minimally in inton pattern-nucleus, maximally-the head, the pre-head and the tail. Two more pitch parameters-are pitch ranges and pitch levels. Variations in pitch range occur within the normal range of the human voice, ie within its upper and lower limits (normal, wide, narrow). The pitch range is the interval between the highest-pitched and the lowest-pitched syllables. Pitch levels may be high, medium and low. Pausation of speech can be normal, slow and fast. The parts of the utterance which are particularly important sound slower. Unimportant parts are commonly pronounced at a greater speed than normal (She thinks him to be an ordinary computer nerd).
Intonation - a complex unity of sentense stress tempo, speech melody and voice tembre. Functionally, there may be distinguished syntactic, emphatic and hesitation pauses . Syntactic pauses separate Intonation groups. Emphatic - to make especially prominent certain parts of the utterance. Hesitation pauses are mainly used in spontaneous speech (to gain time). The communicative function of intonation is realized in various ways: to structure the information content of a textual unit, To determine the speech function of a phrase (statement, question, command), To convey connotational meanings of "attitude: (surprise, sarcasm, sincerity), To structure a text (delimitates it into smaller units), To differentiate the meaning of the same gram structure, To characterize a particular style or variety of oral speech (styl function).
Synt SD . Dealing with s-cs we should use the term individual style that is indiv.manner of the author to use lang.means to achieve the effect he desires, it is a combination of lang.units (EM and SD), peculiar to a given writer which makes his works easily recognizable. The EM of a lang are those phon, morph, word-building, lex, phraseol and syntac forms which exist in language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance. SD - conscious literary use of some of the facts of the lang, ie the most essential structural & semant features of the lang forms are viewed as generalizations (carry additional info-emotive, logical). A number of SD wh express the relations b w wds, w-comb, sent & utterances. Supra-Phrasal Unit (SPU ) - a larger unti than a sent. A # of sentences interdependent structurally (by means of connectives, linkings) and semant-ly. While a sent may express only part of 1 idea. Any SPU will lose its unity if it suffers breaking. Aim-to produce impact. In belles-lettre & poetical style. Paragraph- group of sentences marked off by indentation at the beginning and a break in the line at the end. A certain arrangement of thought. Built not only on the logical principle. Style of official documents - the P. building depends on forms of the doc-s. Belle-letter & publicistic styles - affected by the purpot of the author. Dev...
