e supplied to make the expression gram-ly complete. E imitates the common features of colloq l-ge when some members of a sent are absent. Being the property of colloq l-ge doesn't express what can easily be supplied by the situation. Break
-in the-Narrative (Aposiopesis) - a sudden breaking off in speech witout completing a thought as if a speaker was unable or unwilling to state what was in his/her mind. In spoken-caused by unwillingness to proceed or uncertainty (! Intonation-key to decoding), in written-for a styl effect, to convey to the reader a very strong increase of emotions.
Question-in-the-narrative changes the real nature of a qn & turns it into a stylistic device. A qn in the nar is asked & answered by one & the same person., Usually by the author. The q-ns asked unlike rhetorical q-ns do not contain statements. Smt q-in-the-nar gives the impression of an intimate talk b/w the writer & the reader.
Represented speech. 3 ways of reproducing actual speech: a) repetition of the exact utterance - ( direct sp ); b) conversion of the exact - ( indirect ); c) representation of the actual utterance by a second person- represented sp ). 2 types: uttered represented speech -representation of the actual utterance through the author's l-ge (demands that the tense should be switched from present to past, the personal prns from 1 st & 2 nd to 3 rd person, synt structure of the utterance doesn't change, in the belles-lettres style, newspaper), unuttered (inner ) - the representation of the thoughts & feelings of the character (abounds in excl.words & phrases, elliptical constr-ns, breaks & other means of conveying feelings, The tense forms are shifted to the past, 1 st & the 2 nd person prns). SD wh perform transference of struct.m-ing a
Rhetorical Q -a question not intended to draw an answer, but used for rhetorical effect. No longer a qn but a statement expressed in the form of an interrogative s-ce. An additional shade of m-ing implied in them: smt doubt, suggestion. ! Both the qn m-ing & the statement m-ing are materialized with an emotional charge-intonation is important. p>
Litote s-a figure of speech in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary as in " he is not a fool ". this positive m-ing is diminished in quality as compared with a synonymous positive expression. The negatives NO & NOT are more emphaticall y pronounced than in ordinary negative s-ces. Depends on intonation. A variant of litotes is a constr-n with 2 negations, as in 'not unlike. Stronger impact upon the reader. Used in different styles of speech excluding official style & scientific prose. /td>
Bristish English. Regional Varieties and RP. Changes in RP
A national language has two material forms - written (the literary language) and spoken (the speech of the nation). The written form is usually a generally accepted standard and is the same throughout the country. But spoken language may vary from locality to locality. Such distinct forms of a language are called dialects. They may differ from one another in grammar, in vocabulary and in pronunciation. Different types of pronunciation of a language may differ in the inventory of their phonemes, ie they may have phonemes not found in other dialects. Besides, the distribution of those sounds which are common to all the dialects may also differ. There are dialectal variations in the position of word accent and in intonation. p> Thanks to economic, political and social factors one of the local dialects becomes the literary language of the country, and the pronunciation of this dialect becomes the orthoepic standard, whereas the pronunciation of the other dialects begins to be regarded as substandard. But within the standard pronunciation of a language there may be variants, too, considered equally correct. p> A language which is the mother tongue of more than one nation, also has national variants, or types, of pronunciation. As the result of the colonial expansion of Britain , the English language spread to all the continents of the earth, and today all the English-speaking nations have their own standard variants of English pronunciation which, in their turn, may have educated regional and uneducated local types of pronunciation. p> In the British Isles there are three large regional types English: Southern English Pronunciation (RP), Northern English Pronunciation and Standard Scottish Pronunciation.
The term Southern English is indicative only of the birthplace of this type and does not mean that it is co...
