latal sound produced with the blade of the tongue raised against the region just behind the alveolar ridge. As in the case of any affricate sound, its articulation starts like that of a plosive - in our case [t] - by completely blocking the outgoing airstream and then continues by a gradual release of the air, as for a fricative []. The very symbol used in thealphabet for the notation of the sound suggests the mixed nature of the affricate. We should make a difference, however, between the affricate proper (pitch [p? T] and the sequence of the plosive and the fricative [t] + [] (courtship [k]: t? P], right shoe [ra? tu:]). The phoneme is represented graphically by ch: (charm, chinchilla, rich) or tch (kitchen, bitch) or by t followed by u (creature, culture) when the plosive is palatalized. In words like habitual, sanctuary the pronunciation with an affricate is a variant of [t?]. Exceptionally, we can have ce or cz as graphic representations of the sound in (violon) cello or Czech.
[d?] is the voiced counterpart of [t?], being an alveo-palatal, voiced, lenis, affricate consonant. It can be rendered graphically by j in either initial or medial position in words like justice, John, rejoice, pyjamas, by ge in all basic positions: gesture, agent, sage, by gi in initial and medial position: giraffe, rigid; and gy in initial position: gymnastics. In certain words it can be spelt d followed by u: gradual, individual, procedure / al. In all these cases, however, there is an alternative pronunciation [d?]. In a number of proper names or common nouns originating in proper names ch is read [d?]: Norwich, Greenwich, S / sandwich. Another spelling can be dg in words like ridge or edge.
.2 Classification of Turkish consonant system
, the westernmost of the Turkic languages, belongs to the Turkic branch of the Altaic language family. It is the largest of the Turkic languages ??in terms of number of speakers. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Turkish and other Oghuz languages ??such as Azerbaijani, Turkmen, and Qashqai. Turkey occupies a central geographical meeting point between Asia and Europe. Anatolia, the western region of Asian Turkey, is one of the oldest inhabited areas of the world. It is thought that the first human inhabitants appeared in Anatolia as far back as 7,500 BC. The Ottoman Empire, established by the Oghuz Turks of western Anatolia and ruled by the Osmanli dynasty, ruled the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea from 1281 to 1922. It was defeated by the Allies during World War I, and its territories were colonized by the victors . After the Turkish War of Independence (1918-1923), the Republic of Turkey was founded from the remnants of the fallen empire by Mustafa Kemal, who was later given the name of Atat? Rk «Father of the Turks». He was responsible for a wide range of reforms that helped to modernize Turkey, including far-reaching language reforms that concentrated on replacing the Arabic script with the Roman one, and purging the language of Arabic and Persian words. Turkish is the official language of Turkey, where it is spoken by 46.3 million people. It is also the official language of Cyprus along with Greek. The rest of the Turkish speakers live in 35 different countries in Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Americas (Ethnologue). Most of these countries were part of the territory governed by the Ottoman Empire. The worldwid...
