kishs as its articulatory features are similar to those of its counterpart in Turkish. The blade of the tongue is raised against the region behind the alveolar ridge and the air is forced out through a groove a little wider than in the case of [s], its more fronted counterpart. [] Is distributed in all three main positions in the word. It is often spelt sh in words like shoe, cushion or push. It can also be spelt s (eg sure, sugar) or ss (eg pressure, mission) or ci (ancient, delicious), sci (conscious) ce (ocean), si (pension, mansion), ti (tuition, retribution) . It is a variant of [sj] in words like issue, tissue. In words oforigin the sound is spelt ch: champagne, charade, charge, moustache, attache. The same spelling is used in proper names like Charlotte, Chicago, Chicoutimi, Michigan.
[d?] is the voiced counterpart of [t?]. It is an alveopalatal, voiced, lenis fricativeand is pronounced very much like the corresponding sound in Turkish. It is not, however, a very common sound in English as it occurs mainly in loan (particularly French) words. It is never distributed in initial position, but it can occur in medial (pleasure, treasure, measure) or final position (garage, prestige). It can be spelt either s when followed by u (visual) or i (decision), or z if followed by u (seizure) or ge (massage, espionage). In words like casual the alternative pronunciation [zj] is possible, while in other cases the fricative is replaced by the affricate [d] (eg garage).
[h] is a glottal fricative in English, a voiceless, fortis sound produced by letting the air pass freely through the mouth during expiration. Thus, its place of articulation in the glottal region is more retracted than in the case of the Turkish sound which is rather a velar sound, closer to the variant occurring in Scottish English: loch [lox]. A palatalized version is used when the sound is followed by a palatal: humane [hjume? N]. Unlike in most Romance languages ??h freely occurs in initial position in English: home, hiss, hut Dropping the hs is even considered a sign of lack of education. In a small number of words the sound is, however, dropped even in standard English in both in initial and medial position: hour, heir, honour, honest, vehicle, annihilate. It is also common (even for educated people to drop the initial h in unstressed (weak) forms of the personal pronouns (he, him) possessives (his, her) or the verb have h is also silent in final position in the interjection ah or in words like shah. The conservative spelling of English has preserved the letter h after r in words of Greek origin where no h sound or aspiration is heard nowadays (rhapsody, rhetoric, rheumatism, rhinal, rhinoceros, rhombus, rhyme, rhythm). . The English Affricatesaffricate phonemes of English are [t?] and [d?]. They differ from their Turkish counterparts as they can be distributed in all three basic positions (including the word-final one) and can be followed by any vowel. Therefore, they are far less palatalized than the corresponding Turkish sounds that must be followed by either e or i. Even when they are followed by i and e the English affricates differ considerably from the corresponding sounds in Turkish. In order to realize the difference between the English sounds and their Turkish counterparts it is enough to compare the English word chin to the Turkish cin or the English gem to the Turkish gem.
[t?] is a voiceless, fortis, alveo-pa...
