he word etc. ).
Phones are modified by phonostylistic, dialectal and individual factors. Allophones of each phoneme possess some distinctive features, that make this phoneme functionally different from all other phoneme. This functionally relevant bundle of articulatory features is called the invariant of the Phoneme . Invariant is formed by the properties of a phoneme. Subsidiary: 1.positional sounds which happen only in clearly defined position (lip-bill, leaf-pool. Clear-dark) 2. combinatory - combinations of sounds - that is assimilation, adoptation as a reasult some sounds drop out. Aspect of phoneme: 1) functional - it helps to distinguish the meaning. 2) material - speech sound is the material from which the language is made. 3) abstract (and generalized) - the speakers abstract themselves from the differences; all the differences are generalized in one phoneme. Main Trends in PT : 1 Psychological point of view-regard a phoneme as a mental image or target at which the speaker aims. (Бодуен + Щерба, Сепір). 2 Fuctional (N.Trubetskoy, R.Jakobson-Празький гурток) Ph is a minimal sound unit by which meanings may be differentiated without much regard to actually pronounced sounds (allophones are not taken into consideration). Within functional - abstract point of view (it's stronger) ( Copenhagen ling circle L.Hjelmslev, Шаумян, Трубецькой, Якобсон) - ph-s are absolutely independent of articulatory and acoustic properties which are associated with them. 3 Physical?) (D.Jones, B.Block, J.Trager) Ph-is a "family" of related sounds, satisfying certain conditions: 1) the various members of the family must show some phonetic similarity to one another; 2) no member of the family may occur in the same phonetic context as any other. I. Distributional M. - Very seldom they apply to the help of the informant. (Pin bin sin win p-b-s-w, pi: k-spi: k). 2 laws of phonemic and allophonic distribution: 1. allophones of different phonemes occur in the same phonetic context 2. allophones of the same phonemes never occur in the same 1st conclusion: if more or less different sounds occur in the same phonetic context they should be allophones of different phonemes (their distribution is contrastive) 2nd conclusion: if more or less similar sounds occur in different positions and never occur in the same phonetic context they are allophones of one and the same phoneme (their distribution is complementary). Different types of oppositions: 1. if members of the opposition differ in 1 feature, the opposition is set to be single (pen/ben - occlusive, labio-labial, voiceless/voiced) 2. if 2 features - double (pen/den - occlusive, labial/forelingual, voiceless/voiced) 3. 3 features - triple (pen/then - occlusive/contrastive, labial/interdental, voiceless/voiced). Speaking about opposition we should also keep in mind the phenomenon of neutralization. N. - Distribution of phonemes of those particular words and their grammatical form in which the phonemes lose the distinctive function because of N. N. - The loss by one of the members of opposition one of its distinctive features. (Коса-коза, але! Кос-кіз, на кінці в обох випадках с).
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