nfined nowadays only to the South of England. For reasons of politics, commerce and the presence of the court the pronunciation of the south-east of England , and particularly that of London , began to acquire in the 16 th c. It was finally fixed as the speech of the educated through the stabilizing influence of the public schools of the 19 th c such as Eton and Harrow . athe name Public School Pronunciation. a soon spread throughout the country. With the spread of education the situation arose in which the dialect-speaking schoolchildren and university students who were eager for social advancement felt obliged to acquire this type of pronunciation. a the term Received Pronunciation, introduced by D. Jones. RP is a marker of position in society. Contemporary RP is not homogeneous and is represented by 3 types: the conservative RP used by the older generation and by certain profession or social groups; the general RP forms, most commonly in use by the BBC; the advanced RP forms favoured by the young people, mostly of the upper classes, for prestige value. Considerable changes are observed in the sound system of ModE. 1) a tendency for some diphthongs to become smoothed out and shorter and more like pure vowels: [ei] - [e], [au?] - [A?], [Ai?] - [A?]. But: [i?] - [I ^]. 2)? > A (have) 5) [sju:]> [su:] in suit, super; word-internally [j] tends to be retained 6) tendency for short vowels to be lengthened (his, is), [i] lengthened in the final syllable: ver y , man y ; 7) loss of initial [h] in he, his etc. in fluent speech 8) loss of final [?] in writing [raitin] 10) palatalised final [k '] in week etc. 11) linking and intrusive [r]
12) tj, dj, sj> t?, dg,?: issue [isju:]> [i? u:]. p> Northern English is the speech of those who wer born and brought up in the region between Birmingham and the border of Scotland . The main difference from RP is in the use of vowels: 1 bad [bad], man [man], 2 glass [gl? S], ask [? Sk] - before a word-final consonant or two consonants other than [r ], 3 cup [kup], love [luv], much [mut?] 4 [e] or [?:] in may, take.
Northern English represents the earlier type of London speech that was the standard in the 16 th , 17 th , early 18 th centuries and was carried to America .
Standard English of Scotland is considerably modified by Southern British, but some of its features go back independently to the Northumbrian dialect of the Anglo-Saxon tongue. It is different from RP both in the inventory of phonemes and their distribution: 1 rolled, trilled [r] (as in Russian) in all positions - more [mor], born [born], 2 dark [l] in all positions, 3 medio-lingual palatal [c] - light [lict] (as in German), 4 [hw] in which etc. 5 bad [bad], man [man] 6 glass, dance, path, after - [?], 7 monophthongs + r instead of diphthongs - here [hir], beard, pure, sure, poor.
Main Trends in Phoneme Theory. Speech-a complex bunch of events. Stages: psychological, physiological, articulatory, acoustic, auditory. Phonetics is the science which is concerned with the human noises: the nature of the noises, their combinations and their relation to the meaning. Phonetics: sound system of the l-ge (its segmental phonemes), word stress, syllabic structure, intonation. Phonology studies how the l-ge acts in the process of communication. Бодуен started the studies of phoneme theory (PT) a Scherba contributed a lot: In actual speech we utter a much greater variety of sounds than we are aware of. In every language these sounds are united in a small # of sound types, which are capable of distinguishing the meaning and form of words. They serve the purpose of social intercourse. These are phonemes - functional, Material and abstract unit. Vasilyev - phoneme is a dialectal unit of these aspects because they determine one another and are interdependent. The segmental phoneme is the smallest lang unit (sound type) that exists in the speech. The segmental phoneme is the smallest (further indivisible into smaller segments) language unit (sound type) that exists in the speech . Allophones are instances, realizations of phonemes in real speech. Types: principal (or typical = free from the influence of the neighboring sounds) and subsidiary (-combinatoric assimilation, adaptation .. and - positional initial, at the end of t...
