ront vowels and the latter with back vowels. These allophones are not distinguished in the orthography, in which both series are written , and . When a vowel is added to nouns ending with postvocalic , the becomes < ? > by consonant alternation.
Turkish orthography is highly phonetic and a word «s pronunciation is always completely identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English speaker.earliest known Turkish alphabet is the Orkhon script. In general, Turkic languages ??have been written in a number of different alphabets including Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, Armenian, Latin and some other Asiatic writing systems.current 29-letter Turkish alphabet, used for the Turkish language, was established by the Law on the Adoption and Implementation of the Turkish Alphabet, numbered 1353, [1] in Turkey on November 1, 1928, as a vital step in the cultural part of Atat? rk »s Reforms. [2] Replacing the earlier Ottoman Turkish script, the script was created as an extended version of the Latin alphabet at the initiative of Mustafa Kemal Atat? rk.
Table 4.
LetterIPAEnglish approximationLetterIPAEnglish approximationBbbAs b in batMmmAs m in manCcd? As j in jobNnnAs n in not?? t? As ch in chatPppAs p in putDddAs d in dogRr As r in ratFffAs f in farSssAs s in sandGggAs g in gap? ? As sh in she?? : Soft, lengthens preceding vowelTttAs t in topHhhAs h in hotVvvAs v in valveJj? As g in montageZzzAs z in zipKkkAs c in catLllAs l in let
Distinctive features
Note that dotted and dotless I are separate letters, each with its own uppercase and lowercase form. I is the capital form of? , And? is the capital form of i. (In the original law establishing the alphabet, the dotted? Came before the undotted I; now their places are reversed [Yaz? M K? Lavuzu].) The letter J, however, uses a tittle in the same way English does, with a dotted lowercase version, and a dotless uppercase version.Optional circumflex accents can be used with « ? »,« ? » and « ? » to disambiguate words with different meanings but otherwise the same spelling, or to indicate palatalization of a preceding consonant (for example, while «kar» / kar / means «snow», «k? r» / car / means « profit »), or long vowels in loanwords, particularly from Arabic. These are seen as variants of «a», «i», and «u» and are becoming quite rare in modern usage.
Status of Q, W, X
The Turkish alphabet has no Q, W or X. Instead, these are transliterated into Turkish as K, V, and KS, respectively. The 1928 Law 1353 enforced usage of only the Turkish letters on official documents like birth certificates, marriage documents, and land registers; [1] the 1982 Constitution explicitly retains this law. [5] In practice, the requirement of using the Turkish alphabet in state registers has made it impossible to register some Kurdish names exactly as they are rendered in Kurdish orthography, which includes q, w, and x. The families can give their children Kurdish names, but these names cannot include these let...
