ustify"> · The oil harbor is to have a sufficient water area to place the necessary moorings quantity and for free vessels maneuvering.
· The oil harbor has to be safely screened from prevailing winds.
· To protect water from oil pollution special measures have to be foreseen in view of emergency spill.river harbors the moorings are placed parallel to the riverside at distance no less than 300m from dry cargo moorings. River tank farms moorings are usually placed downstream at distance no less than 1000m from settlements, major roads and places of island water transport permanent mooring. At impossibility of this requirement maintenance the tank farms river moorings can be constructed upstream but the mentioned distance should be no less than 5000m.tank farms moorings can be stationary and temporal representing floating pontoons or demountable wooden piers placed for navigation period. Floating moorings are quite expensive and are reasonable to be applied if construction of stationary mooring is complicated.most widespread type of stationary moorings is ferroconcrete pier moorings with a pump unit inside the pier. On fig. there is a scheme of stationary pier mooring. It consists of mooring piers for vessels mooring, central pier for pumps and vessels hose coupling units installing, feed piers for technological pipelines laying which communicate the tank farm with a mooring, antiicing devices, which protect a pier form possible destruction while ice drift.
.1 River pier mooring on a pile base: 1 - metallic mooring-fendering dolphins; 2- passing gangway; 3 - superstructure for remote control equipment placing and service rooms; 4 - ferroconcrete pier with a pump station; 5 - ferroconcrete piles-piers; 6 - pump rooms; 7 - feed pier.
Means of petroleum products water transportations
There are the following types of oil carriers:
· Tankers
· Bargesof oil carriers is characterized by next factors:
· Displacement - water weight displaced by a loaded vessel. The displacement ton at complete draught equals the vessel s own weight and full cargo in it;
· Deadweight - the full weight of carried cargo (transported and for own use);
· Burden - transport ship weight;
· Draught at full loading;
· Speed ??at full loading.essential distinction of oil tankers design from other transport ships is caused by special properties of a liquid load:
· A liquid load, having spare surface, flows at list taking on one side, which decreases the vessel stability;
· Impacts of a liquid load at roll create additional stress on sides and bulkheads;
· Increasing of liquid volume at its temperature increase requires a spare volume in tanks availability;
· The increased fire safety requires taking of some fire preventing measures;
· Necessity of special technological pipelines and pumps application for loading/unloading operations.all types of oil carriers the most applicable is an oil tanker. The oil tanker is a self-propelled vessel, which body is divided on sections by a system of longitudinal and transversal bulkheads. There distinguish forepeak, achter-peak and cargo sections. To prevent oil vapours passing to service and engine rooms the tanks are separated from forepeak and achterpeak sections by special blind sections. To collect oil vapors and regulate pressure in tanks on the tanker deck there is a special gas eliminating system with breathers.tanks are connected between each other by pipes, passing from the pump room along the tanks bottom. Besides, tanks are equipped by heaters, irrigation, cleaning, ventilating and steam devices, firefighting equipment etc.
.2 Transverse section of oil tanker body
and unloading of oil tanker is performed with following requirements maintenance:
· For unloading of tanker body from dangerous stress concentrations the oil product (at empty passage - ballast) is to be placed in sections considering possible uniform load distribution along the vessel. Loading and unloading are to be performed in strictly predetermined turn. For example, forepeak and achter-peak tank groups are to be loaded uniformly.
· To prevent a vessel normal list the side tanks are to be loaded uniformly.
of oil level in tanks at the end of unloading can cause air suction which leads to sharp efficiency decrease up to pumping stop in result of disruption of pump work. To eliminat...
