M? gt; was [was] gt; N? was
?? w? t? r gt; M? wat? r [ wat? r] gt; N? wat? r? ? th? r chang? in th? s? t? f sh? rt v? w? ls was a cas? ? f d? labialisati? n: M? sh? rt [u] l? st its labial charact? r and b? cam? [? ],? xc? pt in s? m? dial? ctal f? rms? r wh? n pr? c? d? d by s? m? labials,?.g. ? hut [hut] gt; N? hut, M? c? m? n [ kum? n] gt; N? c? m? , But M? putt? n [ put? n] gt; N? put; M? pull? n [ pul? n] gt; N? pull.d? v? l? pm? nt may hav? b ?? n ti? d up with th? l? ss? f M? [a] d? scrib? d ab? v? , As th? n? w [? ] In a way fill? d th? p? siti? n? f M? [a], which had shift? d t? [?].
11.3 Gr? wth? f L? ng M? n? phth? ngs and Diphth? ngs in? arly N? w? nglish du? t? V? Calisati? N? F C? Ns? Nants
? hist? ry? f? nglish v? w? ls w? uld b? inc? mpl? t? , If w? did n? t m? nti? n th? d? v? l? pm? nt? f n? w l? ng m? n? phth? ngs and diphth? ngs, r? sulting fr? m th? v? calisati? n? f s? m? c? ns? nants, th? ugh th? s? chang? s p? rtain t? th? hist? ry? f c? ns? nants n? l? ss than t? that? f v? w? ls. W? may r? call that v? calisati? n? f s? m? fricativ? c? ns? nants l? d t? th? app? aranc? ? f l? ng m? n? phth? ngs and? f n? w diphth? ngs - with i- and u-glid? s during th? ? arly M? p? ri? d. Similar pr? C? ss? s c? ntinu? d in lat? r ag? s.? v? ic? l? ss fricativ? s, [x] and [x ], w? r? v? calis? d t? wards th? ? nd? f th? M? p? ri? d. Th? glid? [u] had pr? bably d? v? l? p? d b? f? r? th? v? lar c? ns? nant [x]? v? n b? f? r? its v? calisati? n; it is r? gularly sh? wn in M? sp? llings,?.g. M? taught? , Braught? [ tauxt?], [ brauxt?]. Lat? r [au] was c? ntract? d t? [?:] In acc? Rdanc? with r? gular v? w? l chang? s, and [x] was l? st, which transf? rm? d th? w? rds int? N? taught ,, br? ught. ? palatal fricativ? [x ] chang? d t? [j] s? m? tim? during th? 15th c? ntury; it chang? d int? th? v? w? l [i] and t? g? th? r with th? pr? c? ding [i] yi? ld? d a l? ng m? n? phth? ng [i:], which participat? d in th? Gr? at V? w? l Shift. Thus, w? Rds lik? night, sinc? th? ag? ? f Chauc? r hav? pass? d thr? ugh th? f? ll? wing stag? s: [nix t] gt; [nijt] gt; [ni: t] gt; [nait]. ? m? st imp? rtant instanc? ? f v? calisati? n is th? d? v? l? pm? nt? f [r], which acc? unts f? r th? app? aranc? ? f many n? w l? ng m? n? phth? ngs and diphth? ngs. ? s? n? rant [r] b? gan t? pr? duc? a c? rtain influ? nc? up? n th? pr? c? ding V? w? ls in Lat? M? , L? Ng b? f? r? it sh? w? d any signs? f v? calisati? n [r] mad? th? pr? c? ding v? w? l m? r? ? p? n and r? tract? d: th? clust? r [? r] chang? d t? [ar],? , g. ?? d? ? rc b? cam? ? arly M? d? rk [d? rk] du? t? th? c? ntracti? n? f th? ?? diphth? ng [? ?] T? [? ], And chang? d t? dark [dark] in Lat? M? (N? Dark); lik? wis? ?? cl? r? c, which aft? r th? l? ss? f th? unstr? ss? d v? w? l b? cam? M? cl? rk [kl? rk], chang? d t? [klark] (N? cl? rk); 0? h? ? rt?. d? v? l? p? d int? M? h? rl? [h? rt?], and Lat? M? [hart] (N? h? art) .Th? thr ?? ? xampl? s ar? als? int? r? sting in that th? y sh? w diff? r? nt r? fl? cti? ns? f? n? and th? sam? chang? in th? writt? n f? rm? f th? w? rd: in dark th? chang? ? f [? r] t? [ar] was sh? wn in th? sp? lling; in cl? rk th? sp? lling p? ints t? th? pr? c? ding stag? , Wh? n th? s? qu? nc? s? und? d as [? r], th? sp? lling? f h? art s ?? ms t? b? ar trac? s? f b? th stag? s? r p? rhaps sh? ws an? th? r att? mpt t? r? c? rd th? transiti? n? f [? ] Int? [a] with th? h? lp? f th? digraph? a. Alth? Ugh th? chang? ? f [? r] t? [ar] was fairly c? mm? n, it did n? t aff? ct all th? w? rds with th? giv? n s? unds: cf. M? s? rv? n [ s? rv? n], p? rs? n [ p? rs? n]. ? v? calisati? n? f [r] t ?? k plac? in th? 16th? R 17th c? nturi? s. In M? [r] was a r? ll? d? r trill? d s? und m? r? lik? th? Russian [r] than its M? D? d? sc? ndant. Th? m? dificati? n? f [r] in th? ? arly 17th c? ntury was n? tic? d and c? mm? nt? d up? n by th? c? nt? mp? rari? s: B? n J? ns? n r? mark? d that [r] b? gan t? s? und firm in th? b? ginning? f w? rds and m? r? liquid in th? middl? and? nds" . Th? n? w variants? f pr? nunciati? n gradually displac? d th?? ld? r? n? s.? arly N? [r] was v? calis? d wh? n it st? ? d aft? rv? w? ls,? ith? r finally? rf? ll? w? d by an? th? rc? ns? nant. L? sing its c? ns? nantal charact? r [r] chang ? d int? th? n? utral s? und [?], which was add? dt? th? pr? c? ding v? w? l as a glid? thus f? rming a diphth? ng;? .g. M? th? r? [??: r?] gt; N? th? r?. S? m? tim? s th?? nly trac? l? ft by th? l? ss? f [r] was th? c? mp? nsat? ry l? ngt...
