h? ning? f th? pr? c? ding v? w? l,? .g. M? arm [arm] gt; N? arm, M? f? r [f? r] gt; [f ??] gt; [f ?:] (N? f? r). If [r] st ?? d in th? final unstr? ss? d syllabl? aft? r [?], th? v? calisati? n? f [r] t? [?] r? sult? d in th? survival? f th?? nding,? .g. M? rid? r (?) [ ri: d? r?] ['ri: d? r] gt; N? rid? r. If th? n? utral [?] pr? duc? d by th? v? calisati? n? f [ r] was pr? c? d? d by a diphth? ng, it was add? dt? th? diphth? ng t? f? rm as? qu? nc?? fs? unds nam? d triphth? ng ?.g. M? sh? ur [Su: r] N? sh? w? r [Sau?]. ([r] was n? tv? calis? d wh? nd? ubl? d aft? rc? ns? nants and initially, N?? rrand, dry, r? ad.)
Chang? illustrat? d? xampl? sM? N? M? N? Aft? r sh? rt v? w? ls? + r a + r i + r? + r u + r? + r ?: a:?:? f? r [f? r] th? rn [? ? rn] bar [bar] dark [dark] first [first] s? rv? n [s? rv? n] fur [fur] br? th? r [br? ? ? r] f? r th? rn bar dark first s? rv? fur br? th? rAft? r l? ng v? w? lsi: + r?:+ r?: + r?: + r a: + r?: + r?: + r u: + rai? i? i? ? ? ? ? ?? /?: U? au? shir? [Si: r?] B ?? r [b?:r]? r? [?: r (?)] th? r? [??: r (?)] b? r? n [b? r? n] har? [ha: r?] fl ?? r [fl?: r] m ?? r [m?: r] fl? ur [flu: r] shir? b ?? r? ar th? r? b? ar har? fl ?? r m ?? r fl? w? r? f? rmati? n? fm? n? phth? ngs, diphth? ngs and triphth? ngs in th? c? urs? ? f th? v? calisati? n? f [r] was a v? ry c? mplicat? d pr? c? ss, f? r [r] c? uld? ccur practically aft? r any v? w? l, and in th? m? antim? th? v? w? ls und? rw? nt diff? r? nt alt? rati? ns. Th? influ? nc? ? f [r] c? uld s? m? tim? s sl? w d? wn? r pr? v? nt th? chang? s? f l? ng v? w? ls und? r th? Gr? at V? w? l Shift, f? r [r] t? nd? d t? mak? th? v? w? l m? r? ? p? n, whil? th? shift mad? it cl? s? r; s? m? tim? s th? v? w? l chang? d int? th? nucl? us? f a diphth? ng with th? ? -glid? fr? m [r] at an int? rm? diat? stag? ? f th? shift. Vari? Us r? sults? f th? chang? s ar? ? x? mplifi? d in Tabl? 6.is appar? nt that th? v? calisati? n? f [r] had a pr? f? und? ff? ct? n th? v? w? l syst? m: th? r? d? v? l? p? d a n? w s? t? f diphth? ngs, and als? triphth? ngs, with? -glid? s: [i? ,? ?, U ?,? tc.]; th? r? ar? s? a n? w c? ntral l? ng m? n? phth? ng [?:]; th? n? w l? ng [a:] fill? d a vacant p? siti? n in th? syst? m, sinc? M? [a:] had b ?? n diphth? ngis? d und? r th? Gr? at V? w? l Shift, and th? n? w [?:] m? rg? d with [?:] r? sulting fr? m th? c? ntracti? n? f M? [au] (? .g. drau? n [drau? n] gt; N? draw).
12. The early modern English
? ? arly M? d? rn p? ri? d was transf? rmativ? f? r b? th? ngland and th? languag?. ? sixt ?? nth t? ? ight ?? nth c? nturi? s w? r? a tim? ? f r? v? luti? nary d? v? l? pm? nt,? p? ning th? way f? r? nglish t? b? c? m? a w? rld languag?.transition from middle to modern English. ? spit? vast chang? s in v? cabulary and pr? nunciati? n,? nglish sp? ak? rs? f th? sixt ?? nth c? ntury w? r? unawar? that th? y w? r? l? aving th? Middl? ? nglish p? ri? d and? nt? ring th? M? D? rn. All such divisi? Ns b? tw ?? n stag? s? f th? languag? s d? v? l? pm? nt ar? t? s? m? ? xt? nt arbitrary,? v? n th? ugh th? y ar? bas? d? n cl? ar and significant int? rnal chang? s in th? languag? and als? c? rr? lat? with? xt? rnal? v? nts in th? c? mmunity? f sp? ak? rs.
? xpansi? n? f th? ? nglish V? cabulary? w? rd st? ck? f? nglish was? xpand? d gr? atly during th? ? arly M? d? rn p? ri? d in thr ?? ways. As lit? racy incr? as? d, a c? nsci? us n ?? d was f? lt t? impr? v? and amplify th? v? cabulary. As? nglish sp? ak? rs trav? l? d abr? ad, th? y? nc? unt? r? d n? w things that th? y n ?? d? d n? w w? rds t? talk ab? ut. And as th? y trav? l? d, th? y incr? asingly m? t sp? ak? rs? f? th? r languag? s fr? m wh? m th? y b? rr? w? d w? rds.th? R? naissanc? , An influx? F Latin and Gr ?? k w? rds was ass? ciat? d with a v? gu? f? r inkh? rn t? rms, s? nam? d fr? m th? fact that th? y w? r? s? ld? m sp? k? n but mainly writt? n (with ap? n dipp? d int? an ink c? ntain? r mad?? fh? rn). Th? influ? nc? ? f th? Classical languag? s has r? main? d str? ng? v? r als? c? ntinu? d t? b? a maj? r s? urc? ? f l? anw? rds int? ? nglish, as it has b ?? n fr? m th? tim? ? f th? N? Rman C? Nqu? st until t? day. In additi? N, Spanish and P? Rtugu? s? b? cam? significant s? urc? s f? r n? w w? rds,? sp? cially as a r? sult? f c? l? nial? xpansi? n in Latin Am? rica.? th? r languag? s c? ntribut? d t? th? ? nglish v? cabulary thr? ugh? ut th? p? ri? d. C? ltic and Scandinavian c? ntinu? d th? ir influ? nc? , But n? w impuls? s cam? fr? m Italian and G? rman-b? ...
