ext are constructed so that the reader can understand it. It also looks at how the text is arranged in time.external function of text linguistics is intertextuality. This concept is the study of the interconnectedness of different texts. In some cases, it may be necessary to have studied one text in order to understand another. For example, in order to understand a critical article, it may be necessary to have read the text that the article is about. In this way, many different texts may be connected.may also be better understood by looking at the contexts in which they were written. This context may be historical and may include looking at the events that were happening in the world at the time the text was written. [4, 25-29] Text linguistics may also look at the social context, which includes the social aspects of a culture at the time the text was written. Studying these contexts may help readers understand the meaning of the texts more clearly.the point of view of grammar such notions as coherence and" cohesion will be considered more detailed.
1.4 Text Cohesion
Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold a text together and give it meaning. The term cohesion was introduced by Halliday and Hasan in 1976 to denote the way in which linguistic items of which texts are constituted are meaningfully interconnected in sequences. Each piece of text must be cohesive with the adjacent ones for a successful communication.are two main types of cohesion: grammatical, referring to the structural content, and lexical, referring to the language content of the piece and a cohesive text is created through many different ways.to Halliday and Hasan identify five general categories of cohesive devices that create coherence in texts: reference, ellipsis, substitution, lexical cohesion, and conjunction. [10, p.96]
. Reference.is realized by nouns, determiners, personal and demonstrative pronouns or adverbs. Reference is a sending of linguistic means to either the preceding context (retrospection), or to the next context (prospection). The reference of the retrospective is called anaphora, and prospective - cataphora. The most obvious means of reference in the English language is an article determination: anaphoric link is usually marked by the definite article and cataphoric link is marked by indefinite article. Many English sentence adverbs (contrariwise, likewise, similarly, etc.) are the means of anaphoric link, that transparently pointing to a previous context. [2]
. Ellipsisrefers to the structural incompleteness of the sentence. Elliptical sentence, however, can always be finish building to the full, while there are two fundamentally different types of ellipsis: paradigmatic ellipsis and syntagmatic ellipsis. The first of these reach their full structural analogs with reference to the linguistic competence of a native speaker, that is, to the knowledge of rules about structuring sentences. This type of ellipsis is not considered as a means of intertextual cohesion. On the contrary, syntagmatic ellipses reach the full structural analogues solely thanks to the appropriate linguistic context.
. Substitutionis very similar to ellipsis in the effect it has on the text. Substitution involves the replacement of full-meaning element or elements of the previous context on the empty-meaning element or elements in the following context. The most striking example of the substitution is pronominalization - the use of pronouns instead of nouns. Example: Jack could neither read nor write. He was illiterate. Another way of substitution is using do or to. Example: Who knows Mary?- I do. Would you like to go to the theatre?- I d love to.
4. Conjunction, creates cohesion by relating sentences and paragraphs to each other by using words from the class of conjunctions ( I was terribly angry. And Ann was too.) , numerals, adverbs (< i align="justify"> firstly, secondly, lastly ) or sentence formations ( I mean ).
. Lexical cohesioncohesion assumes as a communication tool to use lexical items serve the same subject area. For example, there are such words as" books, librarians, to read, reading halls, shelves, journals in a text fragment, it is clear that describes situation relating to a library or reading room. [2]
1.5 Text Coherence
Coherence in linguistics is what makes a text semantically meaningful. The notion of coherence was introduced by Vestergaard and Schroder as a way of talking about the relations between texts, which may or may not be indicated by formal markers of cohesion...
