l grammars such words are generally classed as both adjectives and adverbs and they are so listed in most dictionaries, which seems hardly justified since from the structural point of view none of them can fit the basic adjective position between determiner and noun. (We can not say the aloud voice or the adrift boat).
. The fourth size of rapid growth includes those formed by adding the derivational suffix -wise to nouns.few adverbs of this type are well-established words like clockwise, otherwise, likewise; others are recent coinages or nonce words like crabwise and actor-wise. In American English the suffix -wise is most active and can be more freely attached to many nouns to create adverbs like personnel-wise. Such forms are recognized in writing by the use of the hyphen.
. Then comes a smaller group of adverbs formed by the addition of the derivational suffix -ward (s) to a limited group of nouns; home-ward (s), forward (s), backward (s). Most adverbs of this group have two forms, one with the final s and one without, variously distributed. The forms without s are homonymous with adjectives: the backward child, he looked backward.
. Next we come to a group of adverbs formed by combining the pronouns some, any, every and no with a limited number of nouns or pronominal adverbs, such as: someplace, anyway, everywhere, nowhere, etc. , There are fewer than twenty of these in common use.
7. Another relatively small group of adverbs includes those that are formally identical with prepositions: about, around, before, down, in, inside, over, on, etc.
. The last group of adverbs is the miscellaneous class of those that have no formal signals at all to distinguish them in isolation; we know them as adverbs because of their positions in utterances, in which the other parts of speech are clearly identifiable. Many adverbs in this group are fairly frequent in occurrence: always, now, then, here, there, often, seldom, still, even. Others in this group are words which may also appear as other parts of speech, such as: downstairs, home, late, little, fast, slow, early, far, near.
A word should be said about adverb-qualifiers. Among adverbs there are some which have degrees of comparison and others which have not.in the comparative degree, whether formed by adding the suffix -er or analytically by adding more and most may take the same qualifiers that comparative adjectives do, e. g .: still more difficult, a little louder.adverbial meaning can be intensified by adding right, far, by far, e. g .: far ahead, right ahead, far better, better by far, far down, far below, etc.of adverbial meaning may also be produced by the use of full and well as intensifies. The latter are survivals of Old English and less frequent in present-day use, e. g: He was well out of sight; well ahead, etc.special point of linguistic interest is presented by the development of merged or separable adverbs. The term merged is meant here to bring out the fact that such separable compounds are lexically and grammatically indivisible and form a single idea.in their structure, such separable compounds may be classified as follows:
a) preposition + noun: at hand, at home, by heart, on horseback,
[on foot (= by foot - arch.), in turn, to date;
noun + preposition + noun: arm in arm, day by day, day after day, day to day, face to face, word for word, year by year;
preposition + substantivized adjective: at last, at first, at large, in large, in full, in quiet, in short, in vain, of late, of old;
preposition + verbal noun made through conversion: at a guess, at a run, in a rush, on the move, on the run;
preposition + numeral: at first, at once, at one, by twos;
coordinate adverbs: by and by, on and off (== off and on), on and on;
g) pronoun + adjective (or participle): all right, all told, 0. K- (all
correct); h) preposition + pronoun: after all, in all, at all.
point of fact most adverbs of that kind may be reasonably referred to as grammatical idioms. This can be seen, for instance, in the unusual absence of the article before their noun components and specialized use of the noun in its singular form only: on foot (but not on the foot, or on feet which may occur in tree prepositional word-groups), in fact (but not in the fact), at first (but not at the first), etc.
b) Classification of adverbs according to their meaning
According to their meaning, Morokhovskaya divides adverbs into the following groups:
adverbs of time: now, then, yesterday, lately, already, soon, yet, afterwards, presently, immediately, eventually, suddenly, at once, when, etc.
