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3.6 Condensed milk/Cream/Khoa Environmental problems related to the production of condensate and khoa are mainly caused by the high energy consumption during the evaporation process.main suspended solids mentioned in the literature are coagulated milk and fine particles of cheese curd [15] . effect of the type of product produced is illustrated in Table 1.
Table.1.
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The ranges in Table 1 also indicate that the production of wastewater is highly influenced by management practices. It is not possible to identify particular waste producing practices. The way in which the water consuming and operation processes are carried out is indicative of the management quality. The major contribution to the waste load comes from cleaning operations, which take place throughout the production process. Only in the production process of (hard) cheese, is whey sewering one of the main contributors to the waste load [32]. br/>
4. Waste generating processes
Waste generating processes of major significance include:
Washing, cleaning and sanitizing of pipelines (metals), pumps, processing equipment, tanks, trucks and filling machines (high N load);
Start-up, product change over and shut down of HTST and UHT pasteurizers;
Breaking down of equipment and breaking of packages resulting in spilling during filling operations;
Lubrication of casers, stackers and conveyors [32]
Air pollution
In dairy plants air pollution is mainly caused because of the need for energy. In the process gasses may be discharged such as CO 2 , CO, NO x and SO 2 .2 gives the emissions into the air as a result of gas - and oil-combustion. No figures are available about the emissions into the air resulting from the use of electricity.of CFC s and NH 3 into the air may come about as a result of leakage and stripping of chilling machines when out of use [22].
Table.2.
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5. Prevention of waste production
The waste load, expressed as BOD depends to a large degree on the style of management. Table 3 gives an example of the relationship between management practices and waste production in terms of BOD and the amount of wastewater produced. The table shows that a large quantity of processed milk does not necessarily lead to higher waste loads or to higher le...
